Chapter 16 , 17,1 8 Sociology

Politics

A means to understand the underlying social norms and values of a group is known as

A form of government that strives to provide all citizens with an equal voice, or vote, in determining state policy, regardless of their level of socioeconomic status

Democracy is defined as

Power is held by a single person that wields complete and absolute authority over a government and population

Dictatorship is defined as

anarchy

The absence of organized government is known as

Market Socialism

describes a subtype of socialism that adopts certain traits of capitalism, like allowing limited private ownership or consulting market demands

universal access ( board )

A landmark case that helped create_________ for education is in the supreme court case of Mills vs. Board of Education

authority

Accepted power—that is, power that people agree to follow is known as

Monarchy ( f)

Fredric will eventually become king once his father passes. Once this happens, he will be running the _____

Absolute Monarchy

Governments wherein a monarch has absolute or unmitigated power are known as

Cultural transmission ( example )

In Science class, Geraint learns the cultural norm for waiting to speak when acknowledged by a person of authority by raising his hand and waiting to be called on by his teacher. This is an example of ______

one of the major methods used by people for upward social mobility

Social placement is

10.9%

What is the projected change of employment for people with no high school degrees in the U.S. between 2010 and 2020?

Democracy

A form of government that strives to provide all citizens with an equal voice, or vote, in determining state policy, regardless of their level of socioeconomic status is known as

Representative Democracy

A government in which citizens select representative to promote policies that favor their interests is known as

power elite

A small group of powerful people who control much of a society is known as

convergence theory

As conditions improve and opportunities rise, people may move from job to job. This is explained

Accepted power that people agree to follow

Authority is defined as

Power legitimized on the bases of a leader's exceptional personal qualities

Charismatic Authority is defined as

Underemployment

Claire just graduated from college with her Bachelor's degree in Social Work, but she is struggling to find a job. In order to be able to afford her apartment and pay her bills, she has resorted to working as a waitress while she continues her job search. Despite her higher education, she is working in a restaurant being paid very little. Claire is subject to

the way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms

Cultural Transmission is defined as

social institution through which a society's resources are exchanged and managed

Economy is defined as

cultural capital ( Elizabeth )

Elizabeth is taking the SAT's, she comes from a prestigious, upper class background. Due to her background Elisabeth has had several experiences with worldly values and customs. Elizabeth may have an easier time taking the SAT than another student from a low-class background because of her extensive______________

grade inflation

Erica is a sophomore at Windham High School. She just submitted her final project for her World History class. Despite writing her essay on technology in World II instead of her assigned topic of Battle strategies in the Vietnam War, Erica still received a B+. Her grade was based mostly on the effort she put into her essay instead of the actual content, this is an example of__

Recession

From 2008-2009 the United States experienced 4 consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth. This is known as a

where internationally integrated economic links connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing

Global Commodity Chains are defined as

global commodity chains

Globalization has also led to the development of __________, where internationally integrated economic links connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing

the process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade into a single world market

Globalization is defined as

Rational-legal authority

Government officials are given a certain amount of power when they are elected because it is written in the Constitution. This is an example of ____

1964

Governor Wallace's desperate attempt to uphold his policy of "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" stated during his ___ inauguration became known as the "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door."

the observation that the correspondence between letter grades and the achievements they reflect has been changing (in a downward direction) over time

Grade inflation is defined as:

Totalitarian State

Hitler created a dictatorship. A synonym would be a(n) _________________

Dictatorship

Hitler, Stalin, Mao had complete power and ran the government as a(n) ________

ran it as an Dictatorship

Hitler, Stalin, Mao had complete power and ran the government as a(n) ________

Thomas More

In 1516, who published Utopia? A book which imagined a society with little private property and mandatory labor on a communal farm

Mercantilism (Example)

In Great Britain's early history, the government created the Navigation Acts. It was used to make sure all trade between the British and Dutch empires were made on British vessels. It was meant to maximize exports and keep foreigners from being able to acquire British gold and silver. This is an example of

Mechanical Solidarity ( example)

In a small town in Iceland, there is only one high school, one church, and one Walmart. Everyone in town works at the Walmart, they all go to church on Sunday, and they all go to the same school. Everyone in this small town shares the same beliefs, values, and customs. This is an example of

Polarization

In the United States, there are many job openings for high-wage jobs and low-wage jobs, however there are very few job openings for mid-wage jobs. This occurrence is known as

learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors by participating in a society

Informal Education is defined as

career inheritance

John's father works as an architect for Gensler, a popular architectural company in the United States. Growing up, John always admired his father's work and was inspired to be like him some day. Currently, he is pursuing a degree to become an architect himself. This is an example of

Tracking example

Joyce is a sophomore at Windham High School in Windham, CT. After a successful first year, Joyce was placed into Honors biology, Honors World history, and Honors English. In these classes, she learns a fast-paced curriculum with other students of the same ability who regularly take other honors classes. This is an example of

informal education

Lucas is in the kitchen watching his mother prepare dinner. He asks his mother how she makes the pasta become soft after taking it out of the box. Lucas' mom explains that the pasta must be boiled in order to cook it properly, showing him how the heat of the water softens the pasta. Lucas learned a valuable skill through the learning process of

structural unemployment

Mason recently graduated with his Master's degree in Social Work and is looking to begin a career. While researching, he found that the best paying and most available jobs are in California, yet he lives in Alabama. This 'geographic mismatch' can best be described as

simpler societies where social cohesion comes from sharing similar work, education, and religion

Mechanical Solidarity is defined as

A government in which a single person rules until he or she dies or abdicates the throne

Monarchy is defined as

The power is held by a small, elite group

Oligarchy is defined by

A concept holding that all people's votes should be counted equally

One Person, One Vote is defined as

A means to understand the underlying social norms and values of a

Politics is defined as

Totalitarian Dictatorship

Power held by a single person that even more oppressive and attempts to control all aspects of its subjects' lives, including occupation, religious beliefs, and number of children permitted in each family is known as

A government in which citizens select representative to promote policies that favor their interests

Representative Democracy is defined as

automation

Sam lost his job due to an influx of computerized technology, which benefits the company by doing his job more efficiently and for less money than an actual worker. What is this an example of?

classifying students based on academic merit or potential

Sorting is defined as ?

tracking ( teacher )

Teachers at Southington High School strongly support the implementation of leveled classes, the levels will go as followed, subsequently increasing in difficulty level as mentioned, College Prep (CP), Competitive College Prep (CCP), Honors (H), and Advanced Placement (AP). Teaches in support of these classes claim that students have a more individualized learning curriculum as well as benefitting from attending classes with other students of similar academic achievement. These Teachers support the system of_____

the culture knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency that helps us navigate a culture

The definition of cultural capital is

A society with little private property and mandatory labor on a communal far

Thomas More's Utopia, published in 1516, imagined

a formalized sorting system that places students on "tracks" (advanced versus low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities

Tracking is defined as

13%

What is the projected change of employment in the construction and extraction industry in the U.S between 2010 and 2020?

-1%

What is the projected change of employment in the farming, fishing, and forestry industries in the U.S. between 2010 and 2020?

Conflict Theory

Which theory points that tracking perpetuate inequalities?

William Domhoff

Who reported the top 1% householders owned 35.4% of all privately held wealth?

Vladimir Llyich Lenin

Who was one of the founders of Russian communism?

David Simon

Who wrote Social Problems and Social Imagination: A Paradigm for Analysis, where they point to the notion that social problems are, in essence, contradictions?

Oligarchy ( example )

Xi Jinping is the leader of China. Him and a few of his rich, trusted colleagues run the country. This is an example of a(n) _______________

formal education

describes the learning of academic facts and concepts through a formal curriculum

Credentialism

embodies the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications

Education

is a social institution through which a society's children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms

cultural capital

is cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as a currency that helps us navigate a culture

universal access

is defined as people's equal ability to participate in an education system

Hidden Curriculum

refers to the type of nonacademic knowledge that students learn through informal learning and cultural transmission

cultural transmission

refers to the way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture