Chapter 16

Erwin Rommel

"Desert Fox", Commander of Axis troops in North Africa. Sent to save Mussolini from the British. Took a while but he was able to seize Tobruk and Libia (Where the British were.

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Kristallnacht

"Night of the Broken Glass" November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany and Austria destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews. Close to 100 Jews were murdered and 30,000 were sent to concentration camps.

Nuremberg Trial

(1945-1946) A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.

How did the Allies strike back?

(April 1942) 16 B-25 bombers bombed Tokyo and other Japanese cities. Proved that Japan was vulnerable to attack. Battle of the Coral Sea - new naval battle technique, boats didn't shoot at each other. Instead they carried aircrafts. Battle of the Midway and Battle of Guadalcanal.

Battle of Stalingrad

(August 23, 1942) World War II battle between invading German forces and Soviet defenders for control of Stalingrad; each side sustained hundreds of thousands of deaths; Germany's defeat marked turning point in the war

Battle of the Bulge

(December, 1944-1945) - Allies moving in on Germany from the West and the Soviets moved in from the East. German tried to push back the allies first. Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed back the Allies. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses. Battle between the Allies and the Germans along the French and Germany border.

D-Day

(June 6, 1944) huge allied invasion of Normandy mounted to retake France from Germany. Largest land and sea attack in history

Name 3 events that led directly to Germany's surrender

1.) D-Day 2.) Battle of the Bulge 3.) Soviet troops surrounding Hitler's headquarters in Berlin

Note 3 ways U.S. occupation changed Japan.

1.) Demilitarization 2.) Democratization 3.) Change in traditions (new constitution)

Doolittle's raid on Japan 1.) What happened? 2.) What was the significance?

1.) Doolittle bombed Japan along with other Japanese countries (did only a little damage) 2.) The raid raised American morale and made Japanese less confident as they were now vulnerable to attacks by Americans and British

Note 3 ways war affected the land and people of Europe

1.) Fighting severely damaged Europe's countryside and agriculture. 2.) Few people remained to work in the fields after war 3.) Famine and disease spread through the bombed out cities

Note 3 political problems postwar governments faced.

1.) Italy and Germany needed a new government and didn't want to go back to their old wars 2.) communism issues 3.) Nuremberg Trials

Fall of Southeast Asian colonies 1.) What happened? 2.) What was the significance?

1.) Japan also attacked Guam and Wake Island and Philippines was their next target. Filipinos took up a defensive position on the Bataan Peninsula, but after three months, the Bataan Peninsula along with Corregidor the same month. Attacked British colonies and attacked Singapore making them surrender. Conquered Dutch East Indies. After Burma fell, Japan was under control of over 1 million square mile of Asian land and around 150 million people lived there 2.) Japan was indeed very powerful, but the most important thing was their strategies were well done where the Southeast Asia fell easily and even stood against American countries and British colonies

Battle of the Coral Sea 1.) What happened? 2.) What was the significance?

1.) Japan and Australia used naval warfare for battle. Allies lost more ships, but the battle was a victory as they prevented Japanese from advancing to the south 2.) Japan had been conquering land for a while, but the Allies managed to have victory against Japan

Battle of Midway 1.) What happened? 2.) What was the significance?

1.) Japan targeted Midway Island in Hawaii where American airfield was located. The Americans were able to break Japan's codes and were prepared for the battle. Admiral Chester Nimitz allowed Japan to attack Midway Island, and then the Allies attacked Japanese planes destroying over 332 planes 2.) The Allies changed the tide of the war in the Pacific

Battle of Guadalcanal 1.) What happened? 2.) What was the significance?

1.) Japanese were building an air base and MacArthur seized the islands and after six months of battle, the Battle of Guadalcanal ended (February 1943) 2.) Japan was building an air base to go against the Allies, but the Allies managed to destroy it quickly and prevent Japan's plan

Bombing of Pearl Harbor 1.) What happened? 2.) What was the significance?

1.) Surprise Japanese attack sunk or damaged 19 ships. More than 2,300 Americans were killed. 2.) Roosevelt declared war on Japan and it's allies the next day.

Name 2 events that led directly to Japan's surrender

1.) atomic bombs in Hiroshima 2.) Hydrogen bombs of Nagasaki

Note 2 effects of Allied bombing raids on Japan.

1.) mass casualties, around 2 million deaths 2.) Cities were completely destroyed

Note 3 provisions in Japan's new constitution.

1.) real political political power rested on the people 2.) people elected a 2 house parliament 3.) Japanese could no longer wage war.

Nonaggression pact

1939-Secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland

Battle of Midway

1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific

What were the Nuremberg Trials?

22 Nazi leaders were charged with creating a war with aggression. Hitler, SS Chief Heinrich Himmler and Joseph Gobbels committed suicide before the trials began. Hitler's former deputy was sentenced to life. Commander of the Luftwaffe Hermann Goring received the death penalty but committed suicide. 10 other Nazi leaders were hung on October 16, 1946

How may Jews dies in the Holocaust?

5 to 6 million

Holocaust

A mass slaughter of Jews and other civilians, carried out by the Nazi government of Germany before and during World War II.

Where were the concentration camps?

All around Europe

What led to the victory in the Pacific?

Allies moved into Japan, Battle of Leyte Gulf, Battle of Okinawa, and Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Dwight D. Eisenhower

American General who helped drive the Germans out of Africa

Where did the Jews try to migrate to find safety from Nazi terror?

Anywhere they were let in

What strategy did Hitler use to conquer Poland?

Blitzkrieg; "lightning war" involved fast moving airplanes and tanks followed by massive foot soldier forces to create chaos.

Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister during WWII "never give up" motto helped Britain win the Battle of Britain

How did non-Jewish people try to save Jews from the horrors of Nazism?

By hiding Jews in their homes or helping them escape to other countries.

How did the government of Japan change?

Democratization; when the government is elected by the people (constitutional "monarchy") (constitutional "monarchy")

When did the final stage of the Final Solution begin?

Early 1942

What happened when France and Britain were attacked?

France fell (surrendered), but then liberated (Charles de Gaulle). Britain never gave up and won (Winston Churchill).

Charles de Gaulle

French general "(under german control)" fled to London to tell the French to never give up. he organized the Free French military forces until France was liberated from the Nazis in 1944

Aryans

Germanic people seen as the "master race" (blonde hair and blue eyes)

Battle of Britain

Germany invaded Britain by bombing the Brit's airfields, aircraft factories, and cities. But the Brits never gave up and they had 2 things that helped them win. This showed that Hitler could be stopped.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Britain?

Germany retreated, and Great Britain fought alone and never gave up.

Why did Hitler believe that Jews and other "subhumans" had to be exterminated?

Germany was in a great depression. Hitler believed that Germans were superior to other groups of people. He blamed the Jews for their problems. He ended democracy and set up totalitarian state.

What caused Britain and France to declare war?

Germany's attack on Poland

Who did the Europeans blame for the war?

Germany, France, and Italy (Hitler and Mussolini)

How did the Holocaust begin?

Hitler believed that the Aryans, are a "master race: and had a deep hatred of those who weren't German. He particularly hated Jews because he blamed them for Germany's surrender during WWI. The Holocaust truly began on the Night of the Broken Glass

What did each leader gain from the secret agreement?

Hitler promised Stalin territory and they were going to split Poland.

"Final Solution"

Hitler's plan to destroy all the Jews in Europe

Where were Jews forced to live in German-controlled cities?

In Ghettos

What happened at Dunkirk?

In June 1940, it was a massive retreat by the Britain. British lost Dunkirk. 50,000 British troops captured. Then 800 British ships crossed the channel from England to rescue over 300,000 British and French troops.

How did the D-Day invasion contribute to the Allies' victory?

It created another front that Germany must defend against and weaken the lines of the already thinning defenses.

How did the Battle of Stalingrad contribute to the Allies' victory?

It ended the German offensive as well as destroying much of the German armies.

What was the "Final Solution"?

It was Hitler's plan to speed up the murdering of Jews and non-Aryans instead waiting for them to die of starvation or disease. It was the systematic murder of an entire people

How did the Battle of the Bulge contribute to the Allies' victory?

It was the last time that the Germans were able to launch an offensive drive. The Allies won the Battle of the Bulge. They were successful in defeating the German's attempt to punch a hole in the Allied lines.

Battle of Guadalcanal

Japan was trying to set up an air base in the island of Guadalcanal (It would be another Japanese stronghold) First Allied counter-attack against Japanese forces; Allied victory forced Japanese forces to abandon the island (August 7 1942)

Isoroku Yamamoto

Japanese admiral who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots

What happened on the night of November 9, 1938?

Kristallnacht "Night of the Broken Glass"

What conditions existed in Europe after World War II?

Left Europe in Ruins. Homeless and displaced people, constant hunger. Disrupted agriculture. 40 million died from famine and disease spread through the bombed-out cities.

How did the war change Europe?

Left Europe in Ruins. Homeless people, were in constant hunger. Disrupted agriculture. there were a lot of displaced. 40 million Europeans died.

What areas of Asia did the Japanese conquer between December 1941 and mid-1942?

Manchuria, Burma, Thailand, French Indochina, Philippines, New Guinea, Malaya, and Dutch East Indies

What countries lost territory to Japan early in the war?

Manchuria, Burma, Thailand, French Indochina, Philippines, New Guinea, Malaya, and Dutch East Indies

Note 1 way the Allies dealt with the Holocaust.

Many people didn't want to stay in the same place. So many people relocated or took to the roads.

What were the final battles in Europe?

Operation Overload (D-Day) and the Battle of the Bulge

What countries did Hitler invade?

Poland, France, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Luxembourg, Czechoslovakia

What was the outcome of the fighting at Tobruk?

Rommel was driven out the first time, but returned and attacked Egypt and Suez Canal.

Atlantic Charter

Roosevelt and Churchill's secret declaration to confirm free trade among nations and the right of people to changer their own government. This started a naval war between the U.S. and Hitler. this later served as the allies peace plan to end WW2.

How did the United States fight Japan before declaring war?

Roosevelt cut off oil shipments to Japan, and cracked Japanese codes

How did the United States respond to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor?

Roosevelt entered the U.S. in the war the next day

How did Hitler's invasion cop are with Napoleon's invasion of Russia?

Russia used the same "scorched-earth" strategy on Germany as they did on Napoleon's army.

Ghettos

Sections of towns and cities in which Jews were segregated and forced to live.

Where did the war turn in favor of the Allies?

Stalingrad; Germany retreated

Douglas MacArthur

Supreme army commander in the pacific theatre and chief planner of Japan's defeat, especially through his innovative strategy of Island hopping

How did the Invasion of Italy contribute to the Allies' victory?

The Allies now had a route from the South, through a thin strip of land of Austria, and into Germany.

How did the Battle of Okinawa contribute to the Allies' victory?

The Battle of Okinawa gave the allies airfields not far from the Japanese mainland. From them the Allies could bomb the factories, transportation networks, and supply ships of Japan.

What was the Holocaust?

The extermination of Jewish and non-Aryan people in Europe; 6 million Jews and 5 million non-Aryans were killed

Democratization

The process of creating a government elected by the people.

What changes were made in Japan?

They had to break down the armed forces and created a government elected by the people. (constitutional "monarchy")

How did the United States take sides?

They were helping their allies. Created the Atlantic Charter, which later became a peace plan to end the war.

Why did Germany fail to win the Battle of Britain?

They were unable to break British defense. The Bristish also had developed radar. This was an electronic tracking system that warned of coming attacks. Also, they smuggled an enigma which was a german decoder.

How was the "Final Solutions" carried out?

Thousands of Jews were shot to each by "Killing Squads." Millions were gathered and placed in Concentration camps. Nazi's built "death Camps" where thousands of Jews were gassed to death in huge gas chambers.

Demilitarization

Under General MacArthur, he ordered to break up the Japanese armed forces in order to ensure peace. This left Japan with a small police force.

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. This was because Japan felt threatened by the U.S starting to get involved in the war.

How did the Battle of Leyte Gulf contribute to the Allies' victory?

Was the biggest naval battle in world history. United States vs Japan. Japan lost 3 aircraft carries and U.S only lost 1. It allowed the USA to get that much closer to Japan and was a real morale boost for the American troops.

What were the Nuremberg Laws?

a set of 3 racist laws; 1.) determined if a person was good enough to be a German citizen 2.) forbided any sexual relations between Germans and non-Germans 3.) determined if you could have a child based on genetics

How did Operation Torch contribute to the Allies' victory?

cleared the Axis Powers from North Africa, improved naval control of the Mediterranean Sea and helped to prepare for an invasion of Southern Europe in 1943.

What was Hitler's plan for conquering France?

first he made a nonagression pact and then when they put their guard down he attacked.

How did the Battle of El Alamein contribute to the Allies' victory?

kicked the German/Italian forces out of North Africa and therefore reduced their control of the Mediterranean Sea. If the Allies didn't win this, the invasion of Italy and Sicily wouldn't be possible.

Genocide

killing of an entire people

How did Propaganda campaigns on home fronts contribute to the Allies' victory?

raised support for the war by glorifying it or degrading the enemy to make it seem like a just cause, and with this added support people were proactive in the war effort at home by buying war bonds, working in factories to produce militarized goods, and other signs of support.

What problems did people face at home?

rationing; sometimes not enough food for civilians

How did the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki contribute to the Allies' victory?

the Japanese surrendered because of the damage done and the risk of being further attacked by the allies. (Ended WWII)

Who were the victims of the Holocaust?

the Jews (and anyone who tried to help them), Gypsies, homosexuals, non-aryans, etc...

Why did the Germans build extermination camps?

the non-Aryans weren't dying as quickly as planned