Chapter 16 and 17 Review

policy

what question deals with whether a specific curse of action should or should not be taken

invalid analogy

when two cases being compared are not essentially alike

justify your value judgement against a set of standards or criteria

whenever you give a persuasive speech on a question of value, you need to...

value

"To persuade my audience that discrimination on the basis of marital status is unfair" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of ___________.

fact

"To persuade my audience that eating yogurt prolongs human life" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of ____________.

need, plan, practicality

3 basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy

analogical reasoning

A speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

false cause

A speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

bandwagon

Assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

ad hominem

Attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

It's too vague

Identify the flaw in the following central idea for a persuasive speech: "Something should be done about the ozone problem."

need, plan, practicality

Regardless of whether your aim is to encourage passive agreement or immediate action, you must deal with three basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy. What are they?

slippery slope

Taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

problem-cause-solution

The method of organization is used in a persuasive speech with the following main points? I. The problem of eating disorders affects more than 10 million Americans. II. The causes of eating disorders include peer pressure, fad diets, and the media's glamorization of thinness. III. An effective solution to eating disorders must address all three of these causes.

reasoning

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

True

True or False: "To persuade my audience that Congress should revise the laws governing medical malpractice" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy

False

True or False: "To persuade my audience to become regular blood donors" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech seeking passive agreement.

False

True or False: A persuasive speech on a question of fact is essentially the same as an informative speech

False

True or False: Because persuasion aims to change the beliefs and/or actions of listeners, speaking to persuade is one of the few cases in which a speaker does not need to consider her or his ethical obligations.

True

True or False: Monroe's motivated sequence is most useful for speeches that seek immediate action

target

What type of audience is the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

red herring

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

hasty generalization

a speaker jumps to a general conclusion o the basis of insufficient evidence

fallacy

an error in reasoning

a lawyer arguing for the acquittal of her client

an instance of persuasive speaking

either-or

forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

monroe's motivated sequence

if you advocate a change in policy, your main points often will fall naturally into what type of order

credibility

the audience's perception of how qualified a speaker is to speak on a given topic

fact, value, and policy

the three major kinds or persuasive speeches

initial derived and terminal

three types of credibility

think

to influence cases someone to...

act

to motivate causes someone to act