Chapter 16 and 17 Review
policy
what question deals with whether a specific curse of action should or should not be taken
invalid analogy
when two cases being compared are not essentially alike
justify your value judgement against a set of standards or criteria
whenever you give a persuasive speech on a question of value, you need to...
value
"To persuade my audience that discrimination on the basis of marital status is unfair" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of ___________.
fact
"To persuade my audience that eating yogurt prolongs human life" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of ____________.
need, plan, practicality
3 basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy
analogical reasoning
A speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second
false cause
A speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second
bandwagon
Assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
ad hominem
Attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
It's too vague
Identify the flaw in the following central idea for a persuasive speech: "Something should be done about the ozone problem."
need, plan, practicality
Regardless of whether your aim is to encourage passive agreement or immediate action, you must deal with three basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy. What are they?
slippery slope
Taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
problem-cause-solution
The method of organization is used in a persuasive speech with the following main points? I. The problem of eating disorders affects more than 10 million Americans. II. The causes of eating disorders include peer pressure, fad diets, and the media's glamorization of thinness. III. An effective solution to eating disorders must address all three of these causes.
reasoning
The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence
True
True or False: "To persuade my audience that Congress should revise the laws governing medical malpractice" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy
False
True or False: "To persuade my audience to become regular blood donors" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech seeking passive agreement.
False
True or False: A persuasive speech on a question of fact is essentially the same as an informative speech
False
True or False: Because persuasion aims to change the beliefs and/or actions of listeners, speaking to persuade is one of the few cases in which a speaker does not need to consider her or his ethical obligations.
True
True or False: Monroe's motivated sequence is most useful for speeches that seek immediate action
target
What type of audience is the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
red herring
a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
hasty generalization
a speaker jumps to a general conclusion o the basis of insufficient evidence
fallacy
an error in reasoning
a lawyer arguing for the acquittal of her client
an instance of persuasive speaking
either-or
forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
monroe's motivated sequence
if you advocate a change in policy, your main points often will fall naturally into what type of order
credibility
the audience's perception of how qualified a speaker is to speak on a given topic
fact, value, and policy
the three major kinds or persuasive speeches
initial derived and terminal
three types of credibility
think
to influence cases someone to...
act
to motivate causes someone to act