Chapter 16 Evolution and Diversity of Plants v
Select all the characteristics of angiosperms called monocots.
- 70,000 species - pollen grain with one pore - one cotyledon
Match each gymnosperm group on the left with its characteristics on the right.
- cycads: mostly tropical, palm like leaves, large cones, many species near extinction - ginkgo: called maidenhair tree, fan shaped leaves, only one species in existence - conifers: contains the most familiar gymnosperms, cones and needlelike leaves, sometimes called evergreens - gnetophytes: botanists struggle with their classification, and example is ephedra
Select all of the following that take place during double fertilization in angiosperms.
- one sperm nucleus fertilizes a pair of nuclei to produce the endosperm - one sperm nucleus fertilizes an egg
Select all the adaptations of plants that enable them to live successfully on land.
- roots for support and absorption of water and nutrients - cuticle to minimize water loss - vascular tissue for transport of water and nutrients
The first leaf structures to arise in an angiosperm plant embryo are called
cotyledons.
The _______ is a waxy coating that minimizes water loss from the aerial parts of a plant.
cuticle
The __________is a waxy coating that minimizes water loss from the aerial parts of a plant.
cuticle
After fertilization in conifers, the ______ nourishes the developing diploid embryo, which soon becomes dormant as a ______.
female gametophyte tissue; seed
In a plant's alternation of generations life cycle, haploid spores produced by the diploid sporophyte generation develop by mitosis into the
gametophyte.
Two ______ surround the stomata in the epidermis of leaves and stems and function in the opening and closing of the stomata.
guard cells
In ______, pollen can be delivered by wind or animals to the female plant parts.
gymnosperms and angiosperms
The function of the cuticle on a plant is to
minimize the loss of water.
In vascular plants, sugars are transported by vascular tissue called ______, and water and minerals are transported by vascular tissue called ______.
phloem; xylem
What are autotrophic, eukaryotic, and multicellular organisms?
plants
In seed plants, what produces sperm cells and can travel great distances, eliminating the need for water in sexual reproduction?
pollen
The microspore mother cell is located in the ______ of the flower.
pollen sac
Pollination is the transfer of ______ to female plant parts by ______.
pollen; wind or animals
A ______ is a dormant plant embryo and a food supply inside of a tough outer coat.
seed
In the plant life cycle, haploid ______ arise from the sporophyte generation by meiosis, and haploid ______ arise from the gametophyte generation by mitosis.
spores; gametes
The ______ of mosses and ferns take less energy to produce but they are short-lived compared with the ______ of gymnosperms and angiosperms, which require more energy but can remain dormant for years.
spores; seeds
The ______ generation in a plant's alternation of generations develops from a zygote and is diploid.
sporophyte
The __________are openings in the epidermis of stems and leaves and are used for gas exchange with the atmosphere.
stomata
While the cuticle is impermeable to water and gases, openings in the epidermis of leaves and stems called ______ permit the exchange of gases, such as CO2 and O2
stomata
The opening and closing of pores called _______in the epidermis of plant tissues is controlled by two _________cells.
stomata; guard
In conifers, how do pollen grains reach the scales of female cones?
wind
Select two mechanisms of pollination and seed dispersal in angiosperms.
wind, animals
In angiosperms, the ovule develops into a seed
within the ovary, which becomes a fruit.
Select all the following that describe gymnosperms
- have seeds - use pollen grains for gamete transfer - first seed plants on earth
Select all of the following that are characteristics of plants.
-autotrophic -green algae is the closet relative -multicellular -eukaryotic -a few species are parasitic
Select the two main roles that wind and animals have in angiosperm reproduction.
-fruit and seed dispersal -pollination
Select all the plants that are monocots.
-grasses -rice -bananas -wheat -ginger
Select all of the following that are produced from a single pollen grain of a male conifer cone
-two haploid sperm nuclei -pollen tube
Select all the characteristics of angiosperms called eudicots.
-two-thirds of all angiosperms -pollen grains with three or more pores -175,000 species -two cotyledons
How do plants obtain sugars and energy to maintain and build their bodies?
Assemble CO2 and H2O into sugars using sunlight
In plants, the gametophyte generation is ________ with respect to its chromosome number (ploidy level), whereas the sporophyte generation is ________ with respect to its chromosome number.
haploid; diploid
Select all the characteristics of bryophytes.
have rhizoids, do not have vascular tissues, seedless
Flowers, the reproductive structures of angiosperms, produce_______
pollen and eggs.
The food supply inside of a ______ sustains the developing young plant until it can photosynthesize.
seed
Cotyledons are
the first leaf structures that arise in the embryo of an angiosperm.
The diploid sporophyte generation is formed by
the fusion of gametes
In angiosperms, meiosis of a microspore mother cell results in the production of four haploid microspores, ______ of which undergo mitosis to form pollen grains that are the ______.
all; male gametophytes
The ______ life cycle in plants is characterized by a multicellular diploid stage that alternates with a multicellular haploid stage.
alternation of generations
About 95% of plant species are ______, which produce unique reproductive structures called flowers and fruits.
angiosperms
In simple plants called bryophytes, how do water and minerals from the below-ground part of the plant get to above-ground parts of the plant?
cell-to-cell diffusion
What structure in conifers houses the sporangia that produce megaspores and microspores?
cones
The sporophyte generation is ______, whereas the gametophyte generation is ______.
diploid; haploid
In an angiosperm process called ______, one sperm nucleus fertilizes an egg and the other sperm nucleus fertilizes a pair of nuclei in the female gametophyte, forming the triploid endosperm.
double fertilization
After fertilization in angiosperms, part of the flower develops into a ____________ , which contains the seeds and helps protect and disperse them.
fruit
After fertilization occurs in an angiosperm, the wall of the ovary develops into the ______, which helps protect and disperse the seeds.
fruit
The seeds of gymnosperms are not enclosed in a ______, which is why they are called gymnosperms, "naked seed" plants.
fruit
Structures that contain seeds and act to disperse those seeds are called
fruits
In plants, the multicellular ______ develops from haploid spores and is haploid.
gametophyte
What part of a plant provides extensive surface area for the absorption of light and CO2?
leaves
The fruits of angiosperms develop from the
ovary.
A megaspore mother cell is located inside the ______ of an angiosperm flower.
ovule
In the seed plants, the male gametophytes are called ______, which produces sperm cells.
pollen
After pollination in conifers, what structure grows through the ovule toward the egg and contains two sperm cells?
pollen tube
In conifer ______, the male gametophytes are blown by wind to the scales of female cones.
pollination
In gymnosperms and angiosperms, a process called ______ is the transfer of pollen to the female parts of the plant.
pollination
Although they lack true roots, bryophytes have hairlike extensions called ______ that cover the lower surfaces and anchor them to a substrate.
rhizoids
What highly branched plant structure anchors the plant in the soil and is the site of water and mineral absorption?
root system
Gymnosperms and angiosperms are both able to produce ___________ , structures that consist of a dormant plant embryo and stored food packaged inside a protective coat.
seeds
What types of cones do conifers produce?
separate male and female cones
In the alternation of generations life cycle present in plants, a multicellular diploid stage called the__________ alternates with a multicellular haploid stage called the__________ .
sporophyte; gametophyte
The food supply in a seed sustains the young plant from the time of germination until
the seedling begins photosynthesis.
The name of the plant group that has two groups known as the eudicots and monocots is
angiosperms
Select all the plant groups in which the gametophyte is much smaller than the sporophyte.
angiosperms, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms
Select all of the following that can deliver pollen to the female parts of a plant.
animals, wind
In conifers, the male gametophytes
are pollen grains.
The female gametophyte in conifers
arises from one megaspore and houses two to six egg cells.
Seedless vascular plants have
both xylem and phloem.
Plants that are seedless and lack vascular tissues are called the
bryophytes.
Select all the ways in which gymnosperms and angiosperms are similar.
- both produce pollen - both produce seeds - the sporophyte is the conspicuous in both
Match each plant group to its correct description regarding size and independence of gametophyte and sporophyte generations.
- bryophytes: sporophyte may be smaller than gametophyte and depends on gametophyte for nutrition - seedless vascular plants: gametophyte smaller than sporophyte and neither generation depends on the other for nutrition - vascular plants with seeds: gametophyte smaller than sporophyte and depends on sporophyte for nutrition
Select all the functions that rhizomes serve in seedless vascular plants from the choices below.
- in many species, leaves and roots arise from the rhizomes - rhizomes can store carbohydrates
Select all the phyla of Gymnosperms.
-Cycadophyta -Gnetophyta -Pinophyta -Ginkgophyta
Select all of the structures that can be present in many species of seedless vascular plants.
-rhizomes -stems -true roots -leaves
Select all the advantages of seeds for gymnosperms and angiosperms.
-can be dispersed long distances -can withstand dry conditions -can remain dormant until conditions are favorable
Select all of the following that are angiosperms.
-corn -roses -oak trees -grasses
Select all of the examples of eudicots from the choices below.
-daisies -beans -oaks -roses
Select all the differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
-gymnosperms do not produce flowers; angiosperms do -gymnosperms seeds are naked; angiosperm seeds are enclosed in a fruit -gymnosperms do not have double fertilization; angiosperms do
Select all the features of bryophytes.
-hairlike rhizoids anchor the plant -grow in moist, shady environments -have flattened leaflike areas
Select all of the following that are characteristics of angiosperms.
-seeds -fruits -flowers
Place the following events of angiosperm reproduction in order, beginning with pollination at the top.
1. Pollination 2. Double fertilization to form zygote and endosperm 3. formation of seed and fruit around developing embryo 4. germination of the seed 5. development of seedling into mature sporophyte
Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophs that use photosynthesis and that are present in nearly every ecosystem belong to Kingdom
Plantae
In angiosperms, pollination delivers two sperm nuclei to the female gametophyte. One sperm nucleus fertilizes the haploid __________ cell to form the zygote. The other sperm nucleus fertilizes a pair of nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte, to form a triploid nucleus that develops into the__________ , which is a triploid tissue that supplies nutrients to developing seeds.
egg; endosperm
In conifers, the seed includes the dormant ______ and a protective outer covering formed from the ______.
embryo; ovule
The specialized reproductive organs of angiosperms are called
flowers
__________are the reproductive structures of angiosperms that produce pollen and egg cells.
flowers
In angiosperms, a megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce ______ haploid megaspores, with only one persisting and undergoing mitosis to form the ______.
four; female gametophyte
Cells of the diploid sporophyte generation undergo ______ to produce haploid spores, which divide to form the gametophyte generation. Cells of the gametophyte generation undergo ______ to produce haploid gametes, which fuse and then multiply to form the diploid sporophyte generation.
meiosis; mitosis
Select the two largest clades of angiosperms
monocots and eudicots
In what plant group is the gametophyte the most prominent generation, and the sporophyte depends on it for nutrition?
mosses
In ______, a thin film of water is required for the sperm to reach an egg, while in ______, pollen is present and allows sexual reproduction to occur in dry conditions and over long distances.
mosses and ferns; gymnosperms and angiosperms
In ______, the sporophyte is dependent on the larger gametophyte, whereas in ______, the gametophyte generation is dependent on the larger sporophyte generation.
mosses; gymnosperms and angiosperms
Many plants use ______ tissue to transport sugar, water, and minerals between organs.
vascular
What type of tissue in plants consists of tubes that transport sugar, water, and minerals?
vascular
What type of tissue in plants consists of tubes that transport sugar, water, and minerals?
vascular tissue
Being able to grow upright, retain moisture, and reproduce without being in _____ are adaptations that allowed plants to successfully grow on land.
water
In mosses and ferns, ______ is required for the sperm to meet the egg, but not in angiosperms or gymnosperms.
water
In vascular plants, xylem transports ______, whereas phloem transports ______.
water and minerals; sugars
Select all of the following that are transported by vascular tissues in many types of plants.
water, minerals, sugar
Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails have ______, but do not produce ______.
xylem and phloem; seeds