Chapter 16 Evolution and Diversity of Plants v

Select all the characteristics of angiosperms called monocots.

- 70,000 species - pollen grain with one pore - one cotyledon

Match each gymnosperm group on the left with its characteristics on the right.

- cycads: mostly tropical, palm like leaves, large cones, many species near extinction - ginkgo: called maidenhair tree, fan shaped leaves, only one species in existence - conifers: contains the most familiar gymnosperms, cones and needlelike leaves, sometimes called evergreens - gnetophytes: botanists struggle with their classification, and example is ephedra

Select all of the following that take place during double fertilization in angiosperms.

- one sperm nucleus fertilizes a pair of nuclei to produce the endosperm - one sperm nucleus fertilizes an egg

Select all the adaptations of plants that enable them to live successfully on land.

- roots for support and absorption of water and nutrients - cuticle to minimize water loss - vascular tissue for transport of water and nutrients

The first leaf structures to arise in an angiosperm plant embryo are called

cotyledons.

The _______ is a waxy coating that minimizes water loss from the aerial parts of a plant.

cuticle

The __________is a waxy coating that minimizes water loss from the aerial parts of a plant.

cuticle

After fertilization in conifers, the ______ nourishes the developing diploid embryo, which soon becomes dormant as a ______.

female gametophyte tissue; seed

In a plant's alternation of generations life cycle, haploid spores produced by the diploid sporophyte generation develop by mitosis into the

gametophyte.

Two ______ surround the stomata in the epidermis of leaves and stems and function in the opening and closing of the stomata.

guard cells

In ______, pollen can be delivered by wind or animals to the female plant parts.

gymnosperms and angiosperms

The function of the cuticle on a plant is to

minimize the loss of water.

In vascular plants, sugars are transported by vascular tissue called ______, and water and minerals are transported by vascular tissue called ______.

phloem; xylem

What are autotrophic, eukaryotic, and multicellular organisms?

plants

In seed plants, what produces sperm cells and can travel great distances, eliminating the need for water in sexual reproduction?

pollen

The microspore mother cell is located in the ______ of the flower.

pollen sac

Pollination is the transfer of ______ to female plant parts by ______.

pollen; wind or animals

A ______ is a dormant plant embryo and a food supply inside of a tough outer coat.

seed

In the plant life cycle, haploid ______ arise from the sporophyte generation by meiosis, and haploid ______ arise from the gametophyte generation by mitosis.

spores; gametes

The ______ of mosses and ferns take less energy to produce but they are short-lived compared with the ______ of gymnosperms and angiosperms, which require more energy but can remain dormant for years.

spores; seeds

The ______ generation in a plant's alternation of generations develops from a zygote and is diploid.

sporophyte

The __________are openings in the epidermis of stems and leaves and are used for gas exchange with the atmosphere.

stomata

While the cuticle is impermeable to water and gases, openings in the epidermis of leaves and stems called ______ permit the exchange of gases, such as CO2 and O2

stomata

The opening and closing of pores called _______in the epidermis of plant tissues is controlled by two _________cells.

stomata; guard

In conifers, how do pollen grains reach the scales of female cones?

wind

Select two mechanisms of pollination and seed dispersal in angiosperms.

wind, animals

In angiosperms, the ovule develops into a seed

within the ovary, which becomes a fruit.

Select all the following that describe gymnosperms

- have seeds - use pollen grains for gamete transfer - first seed plants on earth

Select all of the following that are characteristics of plants.

-autotrophic -green algae is the closet relative -multicellular -eukaryotic -a few species are parasitic

Select the two main roles that wind and animals have in angiosperm reproduction.

-fruit and seed dispersal -pollination

Select all the plants that are monocots.

-grasses -rice -bananas -wheat -ginger

Select all of the following that are produced from a single pollen grain of a male conifer cone

-two haploid sperm nuclei -pollen tube

Select all the characteristics of angiosperms called eudicots.

-two-thirds of all angiosperms -pollen grains with three or more pores -175,000 species -two cotyledons

How do plants obtain sugars and energy to maintain and build their bodies?

Assemble CO2 and H2O into sugars using sunlight

In plants, the gametophyte generation is ________ with respect to its chromosome number (ploidy level), whereas the sporophyte generation is ________ with respect to its chromosome number.

haploid; diploid

Select all the characteristics of bryophytes.

have rhizoids, do not have vascular tissues, seedless

Flowers, the reproductive structures of angiosperms, produce_______

pollen and eggs.

The food supply inside of a ______ sustains the developing young plant until it can photosynthesize.

seed

Cotyledons are

the first leaf structures that arise in the embryo of an angiosperm.

The diploid sporophyte generation is formed by

the fusion of gametes

In angiosperms, meiosis of a microspore mother cell results in the production of four haploid microspores, ______ of which undergo mitosis to form pollen grains that are the ______.

all; male gametophytes

The ______ life cycle in plants is characterized by a multicellular diploid stage that alternates with a multicellular haploid stage.

alternation of generations

About 95% of plant species are ______, which produce unique reproductive structures called flowers and fruits.

angiosperms

In simple plants called bryophytes, how do water and minerals from the below-ground part of the plant get to above-ground parts of the plant?

cell-to-cell diffusion

What structure in conifers houses the sporangia that produce megaspores and microspores?

cones

The sporophyte generation is ______, whereas the gametophyte generation is ______.

diploid; haploid

In an angiosperm process called ______, one sperm nucleus fertilizes an egg and the other sperm nucleus fertilizes a pair of nuclei in the female gametophyte, forming the triploid endosperm.

double fertilization

After fertilization in angiosperms, part of the flower develops into a ____________ , which contains the seeds and helps protect and disperse them.

fruit

After fertilization occurs in an angiosperm, the wall of the ovary develops into the ______, which helps protect and disperse the seeds.

fruit

The seeds of gymnosperms are not enclosed in a ______, which is why they are called gymnosperms, "naked seed" plants.

fruit

Structures that contain seeds and act to disperse those seeds are called

fruits

In plants, the multicellular ______ develops from haploid spores and is haploid.

gametophyte

What part of a plant provides extensive surface area for the absorption of light and CO2?

leaves

The fruits of angiosperms develop from the

ovary.

A megaspore mother cell is located inside the ______ of an angiosperm flower.

ovule

In the seed plants, the male gametophytes are called ______, which produces sperm cells.

pollen

After pollination in conifers, what structure grows through the ovule toward the egg and contains two sperm cells?

pollen tube

In conifer ______, the male gametophytes are blown by wind to the scales of female cones.

pollination

In gymnosperms and angiosperms, a process called ______ is the transfer of pollen to the female parts of the plant.

pollination

Although they lack true roots, bryophytes have hairlike extensions called ______ that cover the lower surfaces and anchor them to a substrate.

rhizoids

What highly branched plant structure anchors the plant in the soil and is the site of water and mineral absorption?

root system

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are both able to produce ___________ , structures that consist of a dormant plant embryo and stored food packaged inside a protective coat.

seeds

What types of cones do conifers produce?

separate male and female cones

In the alternation of generations life cycle present in plants, a multicellular diploid stage called the__________ alternates with a multicellular haploid stage called the__________ .

sporophyte; gametophyte

The food supply in a seed sustains the young plant from the time of germination until

the seedling begins photosynthesis.

The name of the plant group that has two groups known as the eudicots and monocots is

angiosperms

Select all the plant groups in which the gametophyte is much smaller than the sporophyte.

angiosperms, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms

Select all of the following that can deliver pollen to the female parts of a plant.

animals, wind

In conifers, the male gametophytes

are pollen grains.

The female gametophyte in conifers

arises from one megaspore and houses two to six egg cells.

Seedless vascular plants have

both xylem and phloem.

Plants that are seedless and lack vascular tissues are called the

bryophytes.

Select all the ways in which gymnosperms and angiosperms are similar.

- both produce pollen - both produce seeds - the sporophyte is the conspicuous in both

Match each plant group to its correct description regarding size and independence of gametophyte and sporophyte generations.

- bryophytes: sporophyte may be smaller than gametophyte and depends on gametophyte for nutrition - seedless vascular plants: gametophyte smaller than sporophyte and neither generation depends on the other for nutrition - vascular plants with seeds: gametophyte smaller than sporophyte and depends on sporophyte for nutrition

Select all the functions that rhizomes serve in seedless vascular plants from the choices below.

- in many species, leaves and roots arise from the rhizomes - rhizomes can store carbohydrates

Select all the phyla of Gymnosperms.

-Cycadophyta -Gnetophyta -Pinophyta -Ginkgophyta

Select all of the structures that can be present in many species of seedless vascular plants.

-rhizomes -stems -true roots -leaves

Select all the advantages of seeds for gymnosperms and angiosperms.

-can be dispersed long distances -can withstand dry conditions -can remain dormant until conditions are favorable

Select all of the following that are angiosperms.

-corn -roses -oak trees -grasses

Select all of the examples of eudicots from the choices below.

-daisies -beans -oaks -roses

Select all the differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms.

-gymnosperms do not produce flowers; angiosperms do -gymnosperms seeds are naked; angiosperm seeds are enclosed in a fruit -gymnosperms do not have double fertilization; angiosperms do

Select all the features of bryophytes.

-hairlike rhizoids anchor the plant -grow in moist, shady environments -have flattened leaflike areas

Select all of the following that are characteristics of angiosperms.

-seeds -fruits -flowers

Place the following events of angiosperm reproduction in order, beginning with pollination at the top.

1. Pollination 2. Double fertilization to form zygote and endosperm 3. formation of seed and fruit around developing embryo 4. germination of the seed 5. development of seedling into mature sporophyte

Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophs that use photosynthesis and that are present in nearly every ecosystem belong to Kingdom

Plantae

In angiosperms, pollination delivers two sperm nuclei to the female gametophyte. One sperm nucleus fertilizes the haploid __________ cell to form the zygote. The other sperm nucleus fertilizes a pair of nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte, to form a triploid nucleus that develops into the__________ , which is a triploid tissue that supplies nutrients to developing seeds.

egg; endosperm

In conifers, the seed includes the dormant ______ and a protective outer covering formed from the ______.

embryo; ovule

The specialized reproductive organs of angiosperms are called

flowers

__________are the reproductive structures of angiosperms that produce pollen and egg cells.

flowers

In angiosperms, a megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce ______ haploid megaspores, with only one persisting and undergoing mitosis to form the ______.

four; female gametophyte

Cells of the diploid sporophyte generation undergo ______ to produce haploid spores, which divide to form the gametophyte generation. Cells of the gametophyte generation undergo ______ to produce haploid gametes, which fuse and then multiply to form the diploid sporophyte generation.

meiosis; mitosis

Select the two largest clades of angiosperms

monocots and eudicots

In what plant group is the gametophyte the most prominent generation, and the sporophyte depends on it for nutrition?

mosses

In ______, a thin film of water is required for the sperm to reach an egg, while in ______, pollen is present and allows sexual reproduction to occur in dry conditions and over long distances.

mosses and ferns; gymnosperms and angiosperms

In ______, the sporophyte is dependent on the larger gametophyte, whereas in ______, the gametophyte generation is dependent on the larger sporophyte generation.

mosses; gymnosperms and angiosperms

Many plants use ______ tissue to transport sugar, water, and minerals between organs.

vascular

What type of tissue in plants consists of tubes that transport sugar, water, and minerals?

vascular

What type of tissue in plants consists of tubes that transport sugar, water, and minerals?

vascular tissue

Being able to grow upright, retain moisture, and reproduce without being in _____ are adaptations that allowed plants to successfully grow on land.

water

In mosses and ferns, ______ is required for the sperm to meet the egg, but not in angiosperms or gymnosperms.

water

In vascular plants, xylem transports ______, whereas phloem transports ______.

water and minerals; sugars

Select all of the following that are transported by vascular tissues in many types of plants.

water, minerals, sugar

Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails have ______, but do not produce ______.

xylem and phloem; seeds