Chapter 16 (EXAM #1)

Hawaiian honeycreepers comprise a number of bird species that are found only on the Hawaiian islands. The images show examples of two distinct honeycreeper species. Each honeycreeper species exhibits phenotypic differences in characteristics, such as beak shape and plumage color. All of the Hawaiian honeycreeper species are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor as the birds began to occupy different ecological niches on the Hawaiian islands. What evolutionary concept best describes what is observed in the Hawaiian honeycreepers? a. genetic drift b. convergent evolution c. adaptive radiation d. sexual selection

C

The Cambrian explosion was a. the sudden appearance of mammals in the fossil record during the Cambrian period. b. a sudden increase in new species that challenges the fundamental correctness of evolution. c. the sudden diversification of animal life from simple organisms to all of the basic body types known today. d. the asteroid impact near the Yucatan Peninsula that likely caused a mass extinction of dinosaurs and other species.

C

who conducted the experiment which simulated the environment of early Earth by exposing simple gases to electric sparks similar to lighting

Urey, Miller

systematically identifying, naming, and classifying organisms on the basis of shared traits

taxonomy

the science of deciphering the "layer-cake" that is the sedimentary record

stratigraphy

what is potassium-40s half life

1.3 billion years

mass extinction ______ million years ago

250

when did life begin?

3 billion years ago

what is the estimated age of Earth?

4.5 billion years

what is uranium-238s half life

4.5 billion years

how fast does carbon-14 decay to nitrogen?

5,730 years

how large was the asteroid that plowed earth believing to be the cause of dinosaurs extinction during the Cretaceous period?

6 miles

the number of eukaryotic species is estimated to be

8.7 million

Fossils of Lystrosaurus, a genus of land animal that lived during the Triassic period about 250 million years ago (mya), have been found in mainland Africa, Madagascar, India, and Antarctica. Why are there fossils of the same type of animal in places that at present ring the Indian Ocean? a. These four locations were a part of a single landmass when Lystrosaurus was alive. b. Convergent evolution caused the Lystrosaurus genus to arise independently in several different locations around the Indian Ocean. c. Lystrosaurus was unintentionally carried to the separate locations by merchant ships. d. Male and female Lystrosaurus swam across the Indian Ocean and established new colonies.

A

Phylogenies represent how different species or groups of organisms may be related through evolutionary time. Select the examples of how scientists use DNA sequences to determine evolutionary relationships between species or groups of organisms to create phylogenies. a.DNA sequence analysis reveals that, despite the common characteristic of an extended wrist bone and bamboo diet between red pandas and giant pandas, the red panda is more closely related to weasels than it is to the giant panda. b. Scientists compare DNA sequences of the H1N1 flu virus to determine how many variants in a flu pandemic are resistant to the flu vaccine. c. Scientists determine that the white shark and mako shark are closely related species because they both have dorsal fins, side fins, and torpedo‑shaped bodies. d. Scientists use DNA sequences to match biological evidence at a crime scene to the genetic makeup of a line of suspects in a crime investigation.

A, B

Each of the observations provides evidence that supports the idea of common ancestry and evolution. Which one is from the field of biogeography? a. Whale skeletons retain the remains of pelvic bones that have no purpose for a swimming animal. b. Two closely related, but distinct, species of squirrels inhabit the north and south rims of the Grand Canyon. c. Genome analyses reveal that humans and chimpanzees share more genome similarities than either shares with gorillas or other primates. d. The embryos of both birds and mammals divide in a radial cleavage pattern instead of a spiral cleavage pattern present in insects.

B

How can a mass extinction lead to explosive diversification of species? a. Increased predation fosters development of diverse new species. b. Empty niches are filled by surviving species that can diversify rapidly. c. The niche of a surviving species narrows and encourages diversification. d. Limited resources following a mass extinction promote diversification.

B

Select the scenario that describes a mass extinction. a. Every fall in the temperate regions of the Earth, deciduous tree species lose their leaves and enter a dormant state to prepare for the cold. b. During the Permian period 250 million years ago, a catastrophic event occurred that killed 90% of the Earth's species. c. Giant flightless birds called dodos that were native to the island of Mauritius quickly became extinct in the 17th century as a result of human activities. d. A rainforest in Brazil is cleared to harvest timber and many species of plants, insects, and animals lose their habitat and as a result they die.

B

What is the theory of plate tectonics? a. The plates of Earth's crust became fixed into permanent positions as the planet cooled. b. Earth's crust is broken into plates that move across the more fluid material below. c. Continental landmasses form from layers of rock laid down by repeated volcanic eruptions. d. Layers of sediment from weathered rock build up over time and form continental landmasses.

B

what happens in convergent evolution? a. Separate species develop from a single ancestral species. b. Two distantly related species independently develop similar traits. c. Different species unite into a single species by interbreeding. d. Different species share traits that they inherited from a shared ancestor.

B

ancient marsupials evolved from another mammal ancestor in where?

China

Which statement accurately describes radiometric dating? a. Radiometric dating uses geological stratification to determine the age of fossils and rocks on a relative time scale. b. Radiometric dating measures the proportion of amino acid isomers in fossils and rocks to determine their absolute age. c. Radiometric dating is a method of determining the epoch in which organic tissue was fossilized. d. Radiometric dating uses isotopes to determine the age of fossils and rocks on a scale of absolute time.

D

Which statement is the definition of biogeography? a. the examination of Earth's physical composition b. the investigation of prehistoric life c. the analysis of continental movements d. the study of species distributions

D

what're the 3 domains of life?

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

study of how organisms are distributed in geographical space

biogeography

the movement of the continents relative to one another

continental drift

organisms that are not closely related evolve similar adaptations as a result of independent episodes of natural selection

convergent evolution

what is the largest category in modern classification

domain

place the taxonomic ranks in the correct order from most general to most specific: kingdom, domain, phylum, order, class, genus, family, species

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

what 4 geologic processes are associated with plate tectonics?

earthquakes, volcanoes, seafloor spreading, increased mountain height

elimination of all individuals of a species

extinction

true or false? the permian extinction was bad for all organisms

false

how is the scientific name of an organism given to them? ______ and _______

genus, species

the amount of radioactivity present in a rock is used as a ______ ________

geologic clock

the time it takes for half the isotope in a sample to break down

half-life

mamarry glands and a body that is covered with hair

mammals

for most of earth's history, life has been _____ and _____

microbial, aquatic

a branching diagram of relationships showing common ancestry

phylogenetic tree

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

phylogeny

movement of earth's upper mantle and crust; influences the geographical distribution of landmasses and organisms

plate tectonics

periodic bursts of species change as a result of sudden environmental change

punctuated equilibrium

we determine the age of Earth using

radioactive isotopes

the evolution of life and the physical nature of earth are mutually ________

related

what're the 3 parts of the phylogenetic tree

root, node, branch

what type of body part decays soon after death

soft

why are the number of prokaryotic species too difficult to predict (3 reasons)

too small, on nearly all surfaces of earth, can't be grown in a lab

true or false? fossils are usually hard parts, such as bones, shells, and teeth

true

true or false? rocks normally form relatively horizontal layers and each layer is younger than the one underneath it

true

animals with a rigid backbone

vertebrates

what do scientists hypothesize caused the permian extinction

volcano