chapter 16: lymphatic & immunity

List three types of encapsulated lymphatic organs.

1. lymph nodes 2. thymus 3. spleen

List the order of lymphatic vessels as lymph flows from the tissue to the subclavian vein. Put the component located closest to the tissue at the top of the list. Instructions

1. lymphatic capillaries 2. afferent lymphatic vessel 3. lymph node 4. efferent lymphatic vessel 5. lymphatic trunk 6. collecting duct

Place them in the correct order, starting closest to the tissues at the top of the list and ending at the veins in the thorax. Instructions

1. lymphatic capillaries 2. lymphatic vessels 3. lymphatic trunks 4. lymphatic ducts

List three beneficial effects of fever.

1.Elevated metabolic rate 2.Elevated interferon activity 3.Inhibition of bacterial and viral replication

As an example of cell-mediated immunity, activated T cells interact directly with a ______________ - _________ cell.

1.antigen 2.presenting

Two aspects of the adaptive immune response involve the actions of T cells, called the ___________ immune response, and the release of products from B cells, called the __________ immune response.

1.cellular 2.humoral

List three effects of the complement system.

1.enhances phagocytosis 2.attracts phagocytes 3.stimulates inflammation

The adaptive immune response includes which two of the following?

1.humoral immune response 2.cellular immune response

Which two of these factors are examples of chemical barriers important in innate defense?

1.pepsin and hydrochloric acid of gastric juice 2.lysozyme found in tears

List three functions associated with the spleen.

1.phagocytosis of cellular debris and bacteria in the blood 2.destruction of old and fragile red blood cells 3.filtration of blood

Which are characteristics of interferons?

1.produced by lymphocytes and fibroblasts 2.block viral replication

Mechanical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body are the_______ and the______ membranes that line the passageways of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

1.skin 2.mucous

List three functions of lymph.

1.transport dietary fats to the bloodstream 2.return to the bloodstream most of the small proteins filtered by the blood capillaries 3.transport foreign particles to lymph nodes

What is a pathogen?

A disease causing agent

Describe phagocytosis

a process where foreign particles are engulfed by a cell

What is the name of the spaces located within lymph nodes, through which lymph circulates?

lymphatic sinuses

Two cell types located in lymph nodes that function to attack bacteria and destroy foreign substances as lymph is being filtered are called macrophages and

lymphocytes

List cell types found in lymphatic tissue.

lymphocytes and macrophages

Define edema.

accumulation of excess tissue fluid

The cell type that is responsible for phagocytizing debris and foreign particles from the blood within the venous sinuses of the spleen is a(n)

macrophage

Interaction with an antigen-presenting cell is required for T cell ______.

activation

Phagocytic cells in the lymph nodes that engulf and destroy cellular debris as lymph is being filtered are called

macrophages

______ in the lymph nodes engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris.

macrophages

The lymphatic vessels that carry lymph INTO a lymph node are called ______ vessels. They enter the lymph node _______.

afferent; on convex surface

Where are lymph nodes generally located?

along larger lymphatic vessels

Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n)

antigen

Name the cell type that phagocytizes an antigen and displays the antigen fragments on its surface?

antigen presenting

Which fluid fills the sinuses within the spleen?

blood

Lymphatic ______ are microscopic, closed-ended tubes found within interstitial spaces.

capillaries

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that facilitates the movement of lymph fluid within lymphatic vessels?

cardiac pumping

Typical lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to ______.

cardiovascular veins

Fever indirectly counters microbial growth because higher body temperature ______.

causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron needed for microbial growth

A group of lymphocytes that all have the identical antigen receptors on their cell surfaces is called a ______.

clone

The group of plasma proteins called ______ is involved in a cascade of reactions that defend against pathogens. The result is inflammation, the attraction of phagocytes, and enhancement of phagocytosis.

complement

adaptive defenses

different mechanisms to fight each type of pathogen

Lymph flows from lymph nodes into the ______.

efferent lymphatic vessels

The lymphatic vessels that carry lymph AWAY FROM a lymph node are called ______ vessels. They leave the lymph node _______.

efferent; at the hilum

The thymus and spleen are examples of ______.

encapsulated lymphatic organs

True or false: All fevers are detrimental and should be treated immediately with an antipyretic.

false

True or false: Within the stomach, the combination of enzymes and hydrochloric acid makes the stomach more habitable for pathogens.

false

Indicate the two primary functions of lymph nodes.

filter lymph immune surveillance

Hair traps infectious agents associated with the skin, providing a ______ line of defense against pathogens.

first

Which three items are components of lymph?

gases and nutrients water hormones

Once activated, T cells that stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against the foreign antigen are called _________ T cells.

helper

Which factor regulates the movement of tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries?

increased tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure

A localized reaction that produces redness, swelling, heat, and pain is called

inflammation

Fever is part of the ______ defenses of the body.

innate

General responses to pathogens, such as mechanical barriers, inflammation, and chemical barriers are part of the _________ defense, while protective mechanisms carried out by specialized lymphocytes that target specific pathogens are part of the ___________ defense.

innate adaptive

Which antimicrobial protein helps to interfere with viral replication in host cells?

interferon

Lymphatic tissue called __________associated lymphoid tissue, or MALT, consists of unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue.

mucosa

Small encapsulated lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels that function to filter the lymph are called lymph

nodes

Compact masses of lymphatic tissue seen within MALT and some lymphatic organs are called lymphatic ______.

nodules

Compact masses of lymphatic tissue that are included in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and comprise the tonsils and appendix, are called lymphatic

nodules

In addition to water, what other components are found in lymph?

nutrients , hormones , gases

The general term for a disease-causing organism or chemical is

pathogen

What is used by NK cells to lyse membranes of targeted cells?

perforin

NK cells utilize proteins called_________ to break the cell membranes of self-cells that have become infected with viruses or that have become cancerous, killing the cells.

perforins

What is the function of antigen-presenting cells?

phagocytize/digest antigens and display the fragments on their cell surface

Lymphocytes remove foreign particles from the lymph and blood through a mechanism called ______.

phagocytosis

T cells are activated when they interact with antigens that are attached to the surface of antigen _______cells.

presenting

Which two factors promote the movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels?

pressure changes during breathing skeletal muscle contraction

innate defenses

protect against many pathogens, regardless of the pathogen type

Name the tissue within the spleen that surrounds venous sinuses and contains numerous red blood cells (along with some lymphocytes and macrophages).

red pulp

List four cardinal signs/symptoms of inflammation.

redness, heat, pain, edema

The third line of defense against pathogens is ______.

resistance to specific pathogens or to the toxins or metabolic products they release

Spaces through which lymph circulates within lymph nodes are called lymphatic

sinuses

Within the spleen, the venous ______ are filled with blood which will be filtered by the tissues of the spleen.

sinuses

What is the role of the thymus in the lymphatic system and in immune responses?

site of T lymphocyte maturation

Which of the following acts as a mechanical barrier to pathogen entry into the body?

skin

Two mechanical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens into the body are ______ and ______.

skin mucosa

As a lymphatic organ, the ______ filters blood, much like the lymph nodes filter lymph fluid.

spleen

Name the largest lymphatic organ, located just inferior to the diaphragm.

spleen

The largest lymphatic organ is the

spleen

List three characteristics of cytokines.

stimulate proliferation and differentiation of leukocytes, secreted by T cells and macrophages, regulate intensity and duration of immune responses

Lymphatic pathways begin at the lymphatic capillaries which empty into lymphatic vessels. From there, fluid flows through lymphatic ______ into lymphatic ______, eventually emptying into veins in the thorax.

trunk ; collecting ducts

What is MALT?

unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue found in various mucosae

The segment of the the lymphatic pathway called the lymphatic vessels are most anatomically similar to which type of blood vessel?

veins

Name the type of tissue that is distributed as tiny islands throughout the spleen, containing abundant lymphocytes.

white pulp

Lymph is the fluid found ______.

within lymphatic capillaries

Where is the thymus gland found?

within the mediastinum

The fluid inside lymphatic capillaries is called ______.

lymph

Which structure functions to filter potentially harmful particles from lymph?

lymph node

Encapsulated organs found in groups or chains along the paths of the larger lymphatic vessels throughout the body, except in the central nervous system, are the

lymph nodes

Lymph transports foreign particles, such as bacteria and viruses, to lymphatic system structures called

lymph nodes

Which type of lymphatic vessel is found in networks that parallel the blood capillaries?

lymphatic capillaries

True or false: Filtration of fluid from plasma normally exceeds reabsorption, leading to the formation of tissue fluid.

true

True or false: Lymph nodes are encapsulated lymphatic organs.

true

Indicate two characteristics of antigens.

They are molecules that can trigger an immune response. They can be proteins, carbohydrates, or glycolipids.

The ability to distinguish molecules that are part of the body from those that are foreign is integral to the_________ line of defense against pathogens.

third

Which organ is the site of maturation of T lymphocytes?

thymus

Which gland functions in immunity?

thymus gland