chapter 16: lymphatic & immunity
List three types of encapsulated lymphatic organs.
1. lymph nodes 2. thymus 3. spleen
List the order of lymphatic vessels as lymph flows from the tissue to the subclavian vein. Put the component located closest to the tissue at the top of the list. Instructions
1. lymphatic capillaries 2. afferent lymphatic vessel 3. lymph node 4. efferent lymphatic vessel 5. lymphatic trunk 6. collecting duct
Place them in the correct order, starting closest to the tissues at the top of the list and ending at the veins in the thorax. Instructions
1. lymphatic capillaries 2. lymphatic vessels 3. lymphatic trunks 4. lymphatic ducts
List three beneficial effects of fever.
1.Elevated metabolic rate 2.Elevated interferon activity 3.Inhibition of bacterial and viral replication
As an example of cell-mediated immunity, activated T cells interact directly with a ______________ - _________ cell.
1.antigen 2.presenting
Two aspects of the adaptive immune response involve the actions of T cells, called the ___________ immune response, and the release of products from B cells, called the __________ immune response.
1.cellular 2.humoral
List three effects of the complement system.
1.enhances phagocytosis 2.attracts phagocytes 3.stimulates inflammation
The adaptive immune response includes which two of the following?
1.humoral immune response 2.cellular immune response
Which two of these factors are examples of chemical barriers important in innate defense?
1.pepsin and hydrochloric acid of gastric juice 2.lysozyme found in tears
List three functions associated with the spleen.
1.phagocytosis of cellular debris and bacteria in the blood 2.destruction of old and fragile red blood cells 3.filtration of blood
Which are characteristics of interferons?
1.produced by lymphocytes and fibroblasts 2.block viral replication
Mechanical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body are the_______ and the______ membranes that line the passageways of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
1.skin 2.mucous
List three functions of lymph.
1.transport dietary fats to the bloodstream 2.return to the bloodstream most of the small proteins filtered by the blood capillaries 3.transport foreign particles to lymph nodes
What is a pathogen?
A disease causing agent
Describe phagocytosis
a process where foreign particles are engulfed by a cell
What is the name of the spaces located within lymph nodes, through which lymph circulates?
lymphatic sinuses
Two cell types located in lymph nodes that function to attack bacteria and destroy foreign substances as lymph is being filtered are called macrophages and
lymphocytes
List cell types found in lymphatic tissue.
lymphocytes and macrophages
Define edema.
accumulation of excess tissue fluid
The cell type that is responsible for phagocytizing debris and foreign particles from the blood within the venous sinuses of the spleen is a(n)
macrophage
Interaction with an antigen-presenting cell is required for T cell ______.
activation
Phagocytic cells in the lymph nodes that engulf and destroy cellular debris as lymph is being filtered are called
macrophages
______ in the lymph nodes engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris.
macrophages
The lymphatic vessels that carry lymph INTO a lymph node are called ______ vessels. They enter the lymph node _______.
afferent; on convex surface
Where are lymph nodes generally located?
along larger lymphatic vessels
Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n)
antigen
Name the cell type that phagocytizes an antigen and displays the antigen fragments on its surface?
antigen presenting
Which fluid fills the sinuses within the spleen?
blood
Lymphatic ______ are microscopic, closed-ended tubes found within interstitial spaces.
capillaries
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that facilitates the movement of lymph fluid within lymphatic vessels?
cardiac pumping
Typical lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to ______.
cardiovascular veins
Fever indirectly counters microbial growth because higher body temperature ______.
causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron needed for microbial growth
A group of lymphocytes that all have the identical antigen receptors on their cell surfaces is called a ______.
clone
The group of plasma proteins called ______ is involved in a cascade of reactions that defend against pathogens. The result is inflammation, the attraction of phagocytes, and enhancement of phagocytosis.
complement
adaptive defenses
different mechanisms to fight each type of pathogen
Lymph flows from lymph nodes into the ______.
efferent lymphatic vessels
The lymphatic vessels that carry lymph AWAY FROM a lymph node are called ______ vessels. They leave the lymph node _______.
efferent; at the hilum
The thymus and spleen are examples of ______.
encapsulated lymphatic organs
True or false: All fevers are detrimental and should be treated immediately with an antipyretic.
false
True or false: Within the stomach, the combination of enzymes and hydrochloric acid makes the stomach more habitable for pathogens.
false
Indicate the two primary functions of lymph nodes.
filter lymph immune surveillance
Hair traps infectious agents associated with the skin, providing a ______ line of defense against pathogens.
first
Which three items are components of lymph?
gases and nutrients water hormones
Once activated, T cells that stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against the foreign antigen are called _________ T cells.
helper
Which factor regulates the movement of tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries?
increased tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure
A localized reaction that produces redness, swelling, heat, and pain is called
inflammation
Fever is part of the ______ defenses of the body.
innate
General responses to pathogens, such as mechanical barriers, inflammation, and chemical barriers are part of the _________ defense, while protective mechanisms carried out by specialized lymphocytes that target specific pathogens are part of the ___________ defense.
innate adaptive
Which antimicrobial protein helps to interfere with viral replication in host cells?
interferon
Lymphatic tissue called __________associated lymphoid tissue, or MALT, consists of unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue.
mucosa
Small encapsulated lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels that function to filter the lymph are called lymph
nodes
Compact masses of lymphatic tissue seen within MALT and some lymphatic organs are called lymphatic ______.
nodules
Compact masses of lymphatic tissue that are included in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and comprise the tonsils and appendix, are called lymphatic
nodules
In addition to water, what other components are found in lymph?
nutrients , hormones , gases
The general term for a disease-causing organism or chemical is
pathogen
What is used by NK cells to lyse membranes of targeted cells?
perforin
NK cells utilize proteins called_________ to break the cell membranes of self-cells that have become infected with viruses or that have become cancerous, killing the cells.
perforins
What is the function of antigen-presenting cells?
phagocytize/digest antigens and display the fragments on their cell surface
Lymphocytes remove foreign particles from the lymph and blood through a mechanism called ______.
phagocytosis
T cells are activated when they interact with antigens that are attached to the surface of antigen _______cells.
presenting
Which two factors promote the movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels?
pressure changes during breathing skeletal muscle contraction
innate defenses
protect against many pathogens, regardless of the pathogen type
Name the tissue within the spleen that surrounds venous sinuses and contains numerous red blood cells (along with some lymphocytes and macrophages).
red pulp
List four cardinal signs/symptoms of inflammation.
redness, heat, pain, edema
The third line of defense against pathogens is ______.
resistance to specific pathogens or to the toxins or metabolic products they release
Spaces through which lymph circulates within lymph nodes are called lymphatic
sinuses
Within the spleen, the venous ______ are filled with blood which will be filtered by the tissues of the spleen.
sinuses
What is the role of the thymus in the lymphatic system and in immune responses?
site of T lymphocyte maturation
Which of the following acts as a mechanical barrier to pathogen entry into the body?
skin
Two mechanical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens into the body are ______ and ______.
skin mucosa
As a lymphatic organ, the ______ filters blood, much like the lymph nodes filter lymph fluid.
spleen
Name the largest lymphatic organ, located just inferior to the diaphragm.
spleen
The largest lymphatic organ is the
spleen
List three characteristics of cytokines.
stimulate proliferation and differentiation of leukocytes, secreted by T cells and macrophages, regulate intensity and duration of immune responses
Lymphatic pathways begin at the lymphatic capillaries which empty into lymphatic vessels. From there, fluid flows through lymphatic ______ into lymphatic ______, eventually emptying into veins in the thorax.
trunk ; collecting ducts
What is MALT?
unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue found in various mucosae
The segment of the the lymphatic pathway called the lymphatic vessels are most anatomically similar to which type of blood vessel?
veins
Name the type of tissue that is distributed as tiny islands throughout the spleen, containing abundant lymphocytes.
white pulp
Lymph is the fluid found ______.
within lymphatic capillaries
Where is the thymus gland found?
within the mediastinum
The fluid inside lymphatic capillaries is called ______.
lymph
Which structure functions to filter potentially harmful particles from lymph?
lymph node
Encapsulated organs found in groups or chains along the paths of the larger lymphatic vessels throughout the body, except in the central nervous system, are the
lymph nodes
Lymph transports foreign particles, such as bacteria and viruses, to lymphatic system structures called
lymph nodes
Which type of lymphatic vessel is found in networks that parallel the blood capillaries?
lymphatic capillaries
True or false: Filtration of fluid from plasma normally exceeds reabsorption, leading to the formation of tissue fluid.
true
True or false: Lymph nodes are encapsulated lymphatic organs.
true
Indicate two characteristics of antigens.
They are molecules that can trigger an immune response. They can be proteins, carbohydrates, or glycolipids.
The ability to distinguish molecules that are part of the body from those that are foreign is integral to the_________ line of defense against pathogens.
third
Which organ is the site of maturation of T lymphocytes?
thymus
Which gland functions in immunity?
thymus gland