Sociology Unit 4 Test

According to Mead, the _________ is creative, imaginative, impulsive, spontaneous, self-centered, and sometimes unpredicable

'I'

Who among the following is typically a child's most powerful role model?

A parent

__________ is learning how to perform a role that a person will occupy.

Anticipatory socialization

Which of the following scenarios supports the argument that nurture shapes behavior?

Benje's father, an alcoholic, suffered from liver damage. He advised his son from a young age to avoid such destructive habits, and Benje grew up to have a healthy life style

According to Mead's theory of the development of the self and role taking, which of the following statements is a characteristic of the preparatory stage?

Children engage in behavior that they rarely associate with words or symbols

__________ diminishes teens' and young adults' ability to develop decision-making and problem-solving skills

Helicopter parents

Which statement supports the argument that nature shapes behavior?

Human development is innate

Who among the following can be termed helicopter parents?

Ian's parents are overanxious about his college admission and have made him apply to ten different universities

____________ is the process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations so deeply that people except them without question

Internalization

Which of the following statements is true of the U.S. children?

Most of them enjoy happy and healthy lives, but many do not

Briefly discuss the positive and negative influences of peer groups

Positive- in early teens, friends often reinforce desirable behavior or skills that enhance a child's self-image, they can serve as good role models Negative- not all influence is positive, can lead to joining gangs, early sexual intercourse, drugs, etc.

Explain the three phases of development of Charles Horton Cooley's looking-glass self

Preparatory stage- infants don't distinguish between self and others, 'I' is dominant, 'me' is forming in the background, children learn through imitation Play stage- child begins to use language and to understand that words have a shared meaning, role taking Game stage- involves acquiring the ability to understand connections between roles

__________ occurs when people receive direct or indirect rewards or punishments for particular behaviors.

Reinforcement

____________ is the process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behavior.

Resocialization

Owen was appreciated immensely by his manager for efficiently handling a complicated project. This appreciation made Owen confident and enthused, and he put in more effort into all of his future projects. According to Charles Horton Cooley, which phase of development of the looking-glass self is Owen going through?

Response

_________ refer to public rituals that mark the transition from one social position to another.

Rites of passage

Who among the following exhibits a dominant 'I' part of the elf as described by Mead?

Samuel insists that he wants to ride to school on a pony instead of a bicycle

Lily was separated from her mother at the age of one and locked up in a barn outside her house. Nobody spoke to her or went to meet her. From time to time, she was beaten up. Many years later, she was discovered by the police. She was found to have no understanding of language and behaved more like an animal than a human being. Which of the following is most likely the cause for Lily's situation?

Social isolation

___________ maintain that people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through interaction with other people, especially during childhood.

Social learning theories

Describe the key elements of the two types of socialization theories

Social learning theories- people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction, especially during childhood Symbolic interaction theories- these shape socialization

Frank is 17 years old and wants a car for his birthday. However, he understands that he cannot get a driver's license for another year and that it would be illegal to drive without one. Therefore, he decides to wait a year. Which of the key functions of socialization does this scenario illustrate?

Socialization controls people's behavior

Caitlin behaves and interacts with her siblings very differently compared to the way she behaves and interacts with her friends. She is less mindful of offending her brothers and sisters and is not conscious of her appearance when she is with them. Which of the key functions of socialization does this situation illustrate?

Socialization teaches people role taking

In the context of the functions of play, which of the following most likely provides children with the constructive ways to channel their energy and intelligence?

Sports and hobbies

___________ are an influential approach and explain socialization on a micro level.

Symbolic interaction theories

____________ is a period of both extreme helplessness and enormous physical and cognitive growth.

Toddlerhood

_______________ are settings where people are isolated from the rest of society, stripped of their former identities, and required to conform to new rules and behavior.

Total institutions

The parts of the brain responsible for controlling impulses, avoiding risky behavior, and planning ahead are:

among the last to mature

Adam's parents allow him two sleepovers a month at his friend's place on the condition that he puts in an extra hour of study everyday. In terms of parenting styles, Adam's parents exhibit ___________.

authoritative parenting

The first step of resocialization in total institutions is:

being subjected to degradation ceremonies

Emily constantly suffered from severe headaches and blurred vision. At the age of fourteen, she was diagnosed with migraines. Her neurologist explained to her that women were more likely than men to suffer from such headaches. In the context of the nature-nurture debate, Emily's neurologist is most likely to support the theory that:

biology shapes behavior

Angela returned to her parents' home when she lost her job and could no longer afford to pay her rent or buy food. She was deep in debt and needed her parents' support to find another job in a difficult economy. Angela belongs to a group of young adults termed __________.

boomerang children

Elaborate on George Herbert Mead's three stages of socialization process

children are learning through imitation, children begin to use language and understand that words have a shared meaning, acquires the ability to understand connection between roles

Many women, especially white women, who are unhappy with their bodies, are most likely to turn to __________.

cosmetic surgery

Describe the four key functions of socialization

establishes our social identity (show a sense of your self), teaches us role taking (how we act around different people), controls our behavior (we absorb values and a variety of rules about how we should interact in everyday situations), transmits culture to the next generation (each generation passes its culture on to the next generation)

Becky dislikes her math teacher because she is extremely strict. In spite of that, the math teacher can be Becky's role model

false

Biologists are of the opinion that human development is fairly changable

false

Children's toys should be more gender typed to discourage gender stereotyping

false

Functionalism tells people how socialization works on a micro level

false

Internalization is the process of self-evaluation and informed decision making

false

Ivy's sex reassignment attempt created major complication in her life and proved to be a disaster. This example supports the argument that nurture shapes behavior

false

Jake, a fifteen-year-old, has been brought up by authoritarian parents. This makes him less likely to fall prey to peer pressure to use drugs or alcohol

false

Kate is seven years old. According to Mead, she is most likely in the play stage of development and role taking.

false

Some scientists describe healthy infants' brains as "small computers" because they can get damaged if not maintained well

false

The term _____ refers to the norms, values, and expectations of society as a whole that affect a person's behavior.

generalized other

The unsuccessful sex reassignment of David Reimer supports the argument that:

genetics influences human behavior

Unlike social scientists, biologists focus on the role of _________ in human development

heredity

According to George Herbert Mead, the most critical social interaction occurs ______________.

in the family

Aaron was four years old when he saw his elder brother Charlie throw a firecracker into a fire. There was a loud explosion, and Charlie's face got burnt. Therefor, Aaron learned from a young age never to play with fire. This scenario is an example of ____________.

indirect reinforcement

Briefly discuss the teachers impact on children's development

instructor, role model, evaluators, moral guide, they are important to academic success

Elaborate on the role of schools in socialization

it's primary purpose is to instruct children and enhance their cognitive development, teaches children to think about the world in different ways, children lean about other customs and societies

Blake and his two sisters grew up in a multi generational household. This means that they:

lived with their parents and grandparents

Ryan thinks he is not as clever as the other children in his class because his teacher does not appreciate him as much as she does the others. Ryan is troubled by his ________.

looking-glass self

According to symbolic interaction theories, __________ lack a sense of self, an awareness of their social identity

newborn infants

Cross-cultural variations in male violence support the role of ____________.

nurture in shaping behavior

Explain the various opinions that arise from nature-nurture debate

outdated in understanding socialization processes and outcomes, believe that genes shape our lives and could help explain why there's so much variation across families and other groups

Two of the most important roles in adulthood are work and __________.

parenthood

Which of the following statements is true of peers as socialization agents?

peer influence usually increases as young children get older

Sarah is fourteen years old and is very conscious of her looks and other people's opinion of her. With reference to Cooley's concept, who among the following is most likely to help Sarah develop a positive looking-glass self during this age?

peers

In the context of Mead's theory of the development of the self and role taking, children begin to learn role taking by emulating significant others during the ____________ stage.

play

Alice scored straight As in her class tests. As a reward for her hard work, her parents took her to her favorite amusement park for an entire day. This action of Alice's parents is an example of ___________.

reinforcement

Tom was a pessimist. His attitude cost him his friends and his peace of mind. After years of self-inflicted stress, Tom decided that he would become optimistic and see the brighter side of things. Tom has decided to undergo the process of ______________.

resocialization

Since he was a year old, Adrian was carefully coached by his parents so that he grew up to be a well-mannered, confident and generous parent. His parents believe in leading by example. Adrian carried the values he learned at home wherever he went -- to school, to college, and to his workplace. He imparted these values to his children and grandchildren. The process that Adrian went through is known as ____________.

socialization

The lifelong process through which people learn culture and become functioning members of society is called _______.

socialization

The Peterson's are realtors and hardly get time to take care of their two children, Ryder and Lauren. Hence, the children are brought up by their grandparents, who also live with them. After a few years, both children graduate and get well-paying jobs in different cities. In this scenario, which of the following define the term empty nest as used in the 1960s and 1970s?

the stage in which the parents are left alone after their children have moved out

Explain the socialization process of teenagers

they establish their own identity, become more independent, and break away from parental supervision

Which of the following is a key function of socialization?

transmitting culture to the next generation

A peer group consists of people who are similar in age, social status, and interests

true

According to Mead, the 'me' forms as children engage in role taking

true

Alcohol abuse is considered a genetic factor that shapes a child's behavior

true

Asian immigrants are more likely to live in extended families than any other group

true

Childhood mistreatment can blunt biological development

true

During childhood and adolescence, parents and teachers, particularly, reinforce norms and values through rewards and punishments

true

In the second resocialization step, the staff in total institutions tries to build a new identity the conforms to the institution's expectations

true

The concept of the looking-glass self was proposed by Charles Horton Cooley

true

The school's primary purpose is to instruct children and enhance their cognitive development

true

In ______________, parents focus on their own needs, spend little time interacting with the children, and now little about their interests or whereabouts

uninvolved parenting

Emilia was a careless, pampered adult. Her life took a complete turn after she became a mother. Responsibility came naturally to her, and she began to enjoy taking care of her baby around the clock. The dramatic change in Emilia's behavior is an example of _____________.

voluntary resocialization