Proteins

What are some vegetarian foods that supply the body with vitamin B-12? (Select all that apply) A. Fortified soy milk B. Fruits and vegetables C. Breakfast cereals

Fortified soy milk and breakfast cereals

What is the most common combination of proteins for complementarity?

Grains and legumes

Anemia, nerve damage, and mental dysfunction are all associated with a vitamin ____ deficiency

B-12

What are amino acids composed of?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and sometimes, Sulfur

Vitamin C helps with the absorption of what?

Iron

Individual amino acids can undergo several modification in the ____ depending on the needs of the body

Liver

Whose job is it to modify amino acids to meet the needs of the body

Liver

The body needs a ____ protein balance when growing or recovering from illness or injury A. Positive B. Negative

Positive

What is complementarity in regards to protein?

Practice of combining two proteins to improve their amino acids proportions through mutual supplementation

What macronutrient provides the highest feeling of satiety?

Protein

____ is a nutrient that forms important structures in the body, makes up a key part of the blood, helps regulate many body functions, and can fuel body cells. Amino acids join together to form this nutrient

Protein

Where does the digestion of proteins start and finish?

Starts in the stomach, ends in the small intestine

What is a limiting amino acid?

The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs and limits the amount of protein a body can synthesize

What makes an amino acid essential?

They are not synthesized by the human body

Where are phytochemicals found?

Vegetables, fruits, grains

Which of the following are good sources of iron in a vegan diet? A. Red meat B. Whole grains C. Egg yolks D. Nuts E. Legumes

Whole grains Nuts Legumes

Which of the following is a function of protein? (Select all that apply) A. Protein is necessary for fluid balance B. Protein is necessary for the visual process C. Protein supplies nitrogen in a form we can readily use D. Protein is the cells' preferred source of fuel

A B C

What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance for adults per kg of body weight?

0.8grams per kg of body weight equates to about 12%-15% of calories

What 2 things cause PKU?

1. Enzyme inefficiency 2. Lack of tyrosine production

Put the steps of protein digestion in the correct order from start to finish A. CCK causes the pancreas to release protein-splitting enzymes B. Partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK C. Trypsin divides the chains of amino acids D. Partially digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine

1. Partially digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine 2. Partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK 3. CCK causes the pancreas to release protein-splitting enzymes 4. Trypsin divides the chains of amino acids into smaller amino acid segments

What are the 7 functions of proteins?

1. Structure 2. Constituents 3. Homeostasis 4. Regulation 5. Nerve impulse transmission 6. Immunity 7. Energy

Intakes over ___ grams/kg of body weight of protein are too high and unnecesarry

2 grams/kg of body weight

The typical diet provides about ____ percent of protein as essential amino aids, when only 11% is requried

50%

How many amino acids make up insulin?

51

How many of the 20 amino acids are essential?

9

How does changing a protein's share affect the protein? (Select all that apply) A. the protein loses its biological activity B. It makes the protein more efficient C. IT keeps the protein from turning into fat D. It destroys the protein's ability to function normally

A & D

Protein turnover is a process by which a cell can respond to its changing environment by...(Select all that apply) A. disassembling protenis B. making proteins C. repurposing proteins

AB

Which of the following are characteristics of kwashiorkor? A. lack of growth B. fatty liver C. edema D. poor vision

ABC

Most ____ sources of protein provide ample quantities of all 9 essential amino acids

Animal

___ are proteins produced by one type of white blood cell that bind to foreign proteins to facilitate their removal from the body

Antibodies

Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor are true? (Select all that apply) A. Kwashiorkor develops gradually as a result of unmet calorie and protein needs B. A young child may develop kwashiorkor when he is abruptly weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels C. Edema is a possible consequence of kwashiorkor D. Fatty liver is a possible conseuquence of kwashiorkor

BCD

What is the purpose of tRNA?

Bring specific amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

A ____ is any compound that resists changes in acid-base conditions in a solution

Buffer

Edema refers to A. formation of glucose from amino acids B. low blood pH C. a buildup of fluid in extracellular spaces D. lack of healthy red blood cells

C

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood? (Select all that apply) A. increase excretion of CO2 by the lungs B. enhance formation of bicarbonate C. serve as buffers that resist changes in pH D. pump ions into and out of cells

C D

Phytochemicals have been implicated in prevention of what?

Cancer and cardiovascular disease

Where does protein synthesis take place?

Cytoplasm

____ carries the information necessary to produce proteins

DNA

What do lacto-vegetarians eat?

Dairy products along with their plant foods

What do lacto-ovo-vegetarians eat?

Dairy products and eggs along with their plant food

____ involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues

Edema

Which of the following foods could a lactovegetarian choose for breakfast? (Select all that apply) A. Spinach and feta cheese omelet B. Oatmeal with butter and brown sugar C. Calcium-foritfied organe juice D. Yogurt with granola and blueberries

Everything but the feta spinach omelet (lactovegetarians dont eat eggs)

What is the constituent function of protein?

Ex, blood transport proteins carry nutrients and other substances in the blood, sequestering them in such a way that thy remain inactive until they get where they are needed. Some of these nutrients, such as iron, could do a great deal of damage if unleashed in the wrong place. Transport proteins keeps them safe

Which type of malnutrition is characterized by edema, mild or moderate weight loss, and fatty liver? A. Kwashiorkor B. Scurvy C. Obesity D. Marasmus

Kwashiorkor

____ is known as "the disease the first child gets when the new child comes" because the oldest child is weaned from breast milk to a diet of gruels, which does not supply adequate calories or protein needed to maintain health

Kwashiorkor

What plant source has the highest level of protein?

Legume

How do proteins contribute to homeostasis?

Maintaining acid-base balance. Proteins absorb excess hydrogen ions, taking them out of solution, and restoring balance

Victims of this type of protein-calorie malnutrition known as ____ have a "skin and bones" appearance with little or no subcutaneous fat

Marasmus

___ is a major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins

Pepsin

What is a lipoprotein?

Proteins that put lipids (since they are not water soluble) in a protein-based bubble and transport them throughout the water-based bloodstream

During protein synthesis, mRNA leaves the cell nucleus and travels through the cytoplasm to which organelle?

Ribosomes

People of African descent are most prone to what genetic disease?

Sickle cell anemia

What happens to excess protein?

They will be stripped of its nitrogen and used for energy or stored as fat

What are some good sources of omega-3 fatty acids in a plant-based diet? (Select all that apply) A. canola oil B. walnuts C. flax seeds D. cheddar cheese E. soybean oil

A B C E

Protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies... (Select all that apply) A. lack of nutrients B. Reduction in exercise C. calorie deficiency D. weight gain

A C

Inadequate intake of essential amino acids may lead to...(Select all that apply) A. muscle wasting B. atherosclerosis C. slow production of body proteins D. impaired growth

A C D

Which MyPlate food groups offer rich sources of foods with cancer-fighting antioxidants? (Select all that apply) A. Vegetables B. dairy C. fruits D. graints

A C D

Which of the following are examples of branched-chain amino acids? (Select all that apply) A. Valine B. Histidine C. Lecuine D. Isoleucine

A C D

What breaks down the structure of the protein, and opens it up to proteases-- the digestive enzymes that break the peptide bonds between amino acids

Hydrochloric acid (stomach acid)

It is uncommon for intact proteins to be absorbed from the digestive tract except in _____ A. infants B. adolescence C. childhood D. elderly

Infants

What is the name for a protein-digesting enzyme secreted by the pancreas to act in the small intestine?

Trypsin

What does gluconeogenesis do?

Turns body protein into carbohydrate and lets it be used for energy

Which deficiency would NOT be found in children following a vegan or vegetarian diet?

Vitamin C deficiency

How can symptoms of PKU be alleviated?

With a diet that limits the consumption of phenylalianine to prevent toxic concentrations that can cause mental retardation

Phytic acid limits the absorption of ___, a mineral that is commonly found in whole grains, legumes, and nuts

Zinc