Chapter 16 nervous system :senses

end bulb

Krause bulb are terminal endings of sensory neurons unsheathed in connective tissue. located in the dermis of the skin, oral cavity, nasal cavity, vagina, and end canal. detect light pressure stimuli and low frequently vibration

general

The receptor for ______ senses are subdivided into two categories based upon their location in the body and include somatic sensory receptors and visceral sensory receptors

visceral sensory

____ _____ receptors are located in the walls of the viscera and blood vessels, these receptors detect stretch in the smooth muscle within the walls of internal organs, chemical changes in the contents within their lumen, temperature, and pain

free nerve

____ ______ endings are the least complex of the tactile receptors and reside closest to the surface of the skin, usually in the papillary layer of the dermis. Detect temperature and pain stimuli but some also detect light touch and pressure.

nociceptors

_____ detect painful stimuli, pail receptors present in almost all organs

somatic sensory

______ ______ receptors are tactile receptors housed within both the skin and mucous membranes which line the nasal cavity, oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal

chemoreceptors

______ detect chemicals either molecules or ions dissolved in fluid include food and drink we ingest, composition of our body fluids, and the relative components of inhaled air

general

______ sense receptors are distributed throughout the body and are simple in structure

encapsulated tactile

_______ ________ receptors are terminal endings of sensory neurons that are wrapped either by connective tissue or by connective tissue in specialized glia cells called neurolemocyte. include end bulbs, lamellated corpuscles, bulbous corpuscles, and tactile corpuscles

photoreceptors

_______ detect changes in light intensitiy, color, and movement and are found in the eye

thermoreceptors

_______ detect changes in temperature, receptors found within skin and hypothalamus

mechanoreceptors

_______ detect physical deformation of the plasma membrane due to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch. tactile receptors in the skin

root hair plexuses

________ _______ _______ are specialized terminal endings of sensory neurons that form a web like sheath around hair follicles in the reticular layer of the dermis, phasic receptors quickly adapt

Unencapsulated tactile

__________ _________ are simply terminal endings of sensory neurons with no protective covering

modality

_________or form of a stimulus is provided by a given type of sensory receptor relaying sensory neuron to a specific area of the CNS

greater

a _____ stimulus results in both the most sensitive receptors initiating nerve signal more frequently and less sensitive receptors initiating nerve signals

lesser

a ______ stimulus would result in fewer nerve signals being relayed bt its associated sensory neurons

sensation

a _______ occurs when we recognize a childs face or realize that a room is too warm

gated channel

a modality _______ _______ opens in response to stimulus other than a neurotransmitter or a voltage change in the plasma membrane

sensation

a stimulus that we are consciously aware of is called a __________

small, large

a_______ receptive field provides us with the ability to identify the stimulus location more specifically, and a ______ receptive field allows us to determine only the region of the stimulus

sensory receptors

are components of the nervous system that provide us with the information about both external and internal environment

tactile receptors

are the most numerous type of sensory receptors, they are mechanoreceptors located in the skin and mucous membranes

aorta

barroreceptors within the _______ send nerve signals along the vagus nerveto the cardiovascular center within the brainstem as part of blood pressure regulation

tonic receptors

demonstrate limited adaptation

proprioreceptors

detect body and limb movement and include only the somatic sensory receptors within joints muscles and tendons

exteroceptors

detect stimuli from the external environment _____ include the somatic sensory receptors of the skin and mucous membrane as well as the receptors of the special senses, all of these types of receptors respond to a stimulus outside the body

interoceptors

detect stimuli from within our internal environment ________ include the visceral sensory receptors within the walls of internal organs and blood vessels, keep our CNS inform about the changes that are occurring within our body

tonic receptors

end receptors to a constant stimulus ________ _________ continuously generate nerve signals and only slowly decreased the number to the CNS

inner ear; proprio receptor

examples of tonic receptors include: receptors within the _____ _____ that determine head position and ______ in the joints and muscles that provide information of where your body is in space, this provides the motivation to address the cause of the pain and hopefully eliminate it so the pain will stop

phasic receptors

exhibit rapid adaptation to a constant stimulus _____ _____ generate nerve signals only in response to new stimulus and quickly decrease the number of nerve signals relayed to the CNS

Golgi tendon organ

monitors stretch of a tendon when a muscle contracts

cerebral cortex

only signals the reach the ______ ______ of the brain result in out conscious awareness

tactile disks

previously called merkel discs, are flattened terminal endings of sensory neuros that extend to tactile cells (merkel cells), these discs function as tonic receptors for light touch

lamellated corpuscule

previously called pacinian corpuscle. largely shapped tactile receptors composed of several terminal ending ensheathed with an inner core of neurolymocytes and outer concentric layers of connective tissues

special senses

receptors of the ______ _______ are located within the head and specialized complex sense organs

temporal lobe

receptors of the ear initiate nerve signals along the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the _________ lobe

CNS

regardless of their anatomic complexity all sensory receptors are functionally connected to the _______ by sensory neurons, this provides means of relaying sensory information from the receptors to the brain and spinal cord

CNS

sensory input is relayed from sensory receptor to the _______ for interpretation

transducers

sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to electrical energy that sensory receptors are referred to as

modality of stimulus

sensory receptors may also be classified according to the stimulus they respond to which is called the ______ ____ _______ or the stimulating agent

sensory, sense

sensory receptors range in complexity from the relatively simple bare terminal of a single ______ neuron to specialized complex structures called ______ organs

subconscious

sensory stimuli regarding your blood pressure, blood carbon dioxide levels, and chemical composition of material within the small intestine are examples of sensory information that is detected and responded to on a __________ level

duration

the CNS is able to determine the _______ of stimulus because all sensory receptors become less sensitive to a constant stimulus and initiate a progressive decrease in nerve signals

optic nerve

the _____ _____ is composed of many sensory neurons that extend from different portions of the retina of the eye to communicate with designated regions of the spinal organ within the visual cortex of the occipital lobe

somatic sensory

the ______ ______ receptors monitor several types of stimuli including texture of an object, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain

receptive field

the area that the terminal end of a single sensory neuron is distributed is called its _______ _______

swithboard

the brain is like a __________ and it interprets the source based on which "line" the signal is arrived

intensity

the cns is able to interpret the relative _______ of the stimulus because of the change in number of nerve signals that are arriving along a designated nerve

skin

the concept of a receptive field and its significance is most clearly shown with a comparison of receptive fields in the ________

adaptation

the decrease in sensitivity to a continuous stimulus is called _______

olfaction; gustation; vision; hearing; equilibrium

the five special senses are

electrical

the form the energy is transduced or changed to is always _______ energy and it is sent along a sensory neuron

stimulus

the general function of sensory receptors is to respond to a __________ and initiate sensory input to the CNS

chemoreceptors

the receptors in the taste buds on our tongue are ______

occipital lobe

the receptors of the eye initiate nerve signals along the optic nerve to the ________ lobe

fingertips, back

the relative amount of area that sensory neurons of the skin are distributed in two different regions of the body -- the skin of the ________ and the skin of the upper __________

receptive

the size of the ________ field will determine the ability of the CNS to identify the exact location of a stimulus

location

the specific _______ of a stimulus is able to be determined by the CNS because sensory information is relayed either different regions of a sensory receptors within a given nerve the

general; special

the two sensory receptor distribution types are the _____ sense and the _____ senses

tonic receptors

this difference in adaptation is used to catergorize sensory receptors as either tonic receptors or phasic receptors

resting membrane potential, gated

two features are critical to allow sensory receptors to function as transducers (1) sensory receptors like neuron and muscle cells establish and maintain a ________ ________ ________ across their plasma membrane (2) sensory receptors contain modality _______ channels within their plasma membrane

stimulus

whether we consciously perceive a _________ is dependent upon which specific region of the CNS receives that sensory information