Chapter 16 nervous system :senses
end bulb
Krause bulb are terminal endings of sensory neurons unsheathed in connective tissue. located in the dermis of the skin, oral cavity, nasal cavity, vagina, and end canal. detect light pressure stimuli and low frequently vibration
general
The receptor for ______ senses are subdivided into two categories based upon their location in the body and include somatic sensory receptors and visceral sensory receptors
visceral sensory
____ _____ receptors are located in the walls of the viscera and blood vessels, these receptors detect stretch in the smooth muscle within the walls of internal organs, chemical changes in the contents within their lumen, temperature, and pain
free nerve
____ ______ endings are the least complex of the tactile receptors and reside closest to the surface of the skin, usually in the papillary layer of the dermis. Detect temperature and pain stimuli but some also detect light touch and pressure.
nociceptors
_____ detect painful stimuli, pail receptors present in almost all organs
somatic sensory
______ ______ receptors are tactile receptors housed within both the skin and mucous membranes which line the nasal cavity, oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal
chemoreceptors
______ detect chemicals either molecules or ions dissolved in fluid include food and drink we ingest, composition of our body fluids, and the relative components of inhaled air
general
______ sense receptors are distributed throughout the body and are simple in structure
encapsulated tactile
_______ ________ receptors are terminal endings of sensory neurons that are wrapped either by connective tissue or by connective tissue in specialized glia cells called neurolemocyte. include end bulbs, lamellated corpuscles, bulbous corpuscles, and tactile corpuscles
photoreceptors
_______ detect changes in light intensitiy, color, and movement and are found in the eye
thermoreceptors
_______ detect changes in temperature, receptors found within skin and hypothalamus
mechanoreceptors
_______ detect physical deformation of the plasma membrane due to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch. tactile receptors in the skin
root hair plexuses
________ _______ _______ are specialized terminal endings of sensory neurons that form a web like sheath around hair follicles in the reticular layer of the dermis, phasic receptors quickly adapt
Unencapsulated tactile
__________ _________ are simply terminal endings of sensory neurons with no protective covering
modality
_________or form of a stimulus is provided by a given type of sensory receptor relaying sensory neuron to a specific area of the CNS
greater
a _____ stimulus results in both the most sensitive receptors initiating nerve signal more frequently and less sensitive receptors initiating nerve signals
lesser
a ______ stimulus would result in fewer nerve signals being relayed bt its associated sensory neurons
sensation
a _______ occurs when we recognize a childs face or realize that a room is too warm
gated channel
a modality _______ _______ opens in response to stimulus other than a neurotransmitter or a voltage change in the plasma membrane
sensation
a stimulus that we are consciously aware of is called a __________
small, large
a_______ receptive field provides us with the ability to identify the stimulus location more specifically, and a ______ receptive field allows us to determine only the region of the stimulus
sensory receptors
are components of the nervous system that provide us with the information about both external and internal environment
tactile receptors
are the most numerous type of sensory receptors, they are mechanoreceptors located in the skin and mucous membranes
aorta
barroreceptors within the _______ send nerve signals along the vagus nerveto the cardiovascular center within the brainstem as part of blood pressure regulation
tonic receptors
demonstrate limited adaptation
proprioreceptors
detect body and limb movement and include only the somatic sensory receptors within joints muscles and tendons
exteroceptors
detect stimuli from the external environment _____ include the somatic sensory receptors of the skin and mucous membrane as well as the receptors of the special senses, all of these types of receptors respond to a stimulus outside the body
interoceptors
detect stimuli from within our internal environment ________ include the visceral sensory receptors within the walls of internal organs and blood vessels, keep our CNS inform about the changes that are occurring within our body
tonic receptors
end receptors to a constant stimulus ________ _________ continuously generate nerve signals and only slowly decreased the number to the CNS
inner ear; proprio receptor
examples of tonic receptors include: receptors within the _____ _____ that determine head position and ______ in the joints and muscles that provide information of where your body is in space, this provides the motivation to address the cause of the pain and hopefully eliminate it so the pain will stop
phasic receptors
exhibit rapid adaptation to a constant stimulus _____ _____ generate nerve signals only in response to new stimulus and quickly decrease the number of nerve signals relayed to the CNS
Golgi tendon organ
monitors stretch of a tendon when a muscle contracts
cerebral cortex
only signals the reach the ______ ______ of the brain result in out conscious awareness
tactile disks
previously called merkel discs, are flattened terminal endings of sensory neuros that extend to tactile cells (merkel cells), these discs function as tonic receptors for light touch
lamellated corpuscule
previously called pacinian corpuscle. largely shapped tactile receptors composed of several terminal ending ensheathed with an inner core of neurolymocytes and outer concentric layers of connective tissues
special senses
receptors of the ______ _______ are located within the head and specialized complex sense organs
temporal lobe
receptors of the ear initiate nerve signals along the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the _________ lobe
CNS
regardless of their anatomic complexity all sensory receptors are functionally connected to the _______ by sensory neurons, this provides means of relaying sensory information from the receptors to the brain and spinal cord
CNS
sensory input is relayed from sensory receptor to the _______ for interpretation
transducers
sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to electrical energy that sensory receptors are referred to as
modality of stimulus
sensory receptors may also be classified according to the stimulus they respond to which is called the ______ ____ _______ or the stimulating agent
sensory, sense
sensory receptors range in complexity from the relatively simple bare terminal of a single ______ neuron to specialized complex structures called ______ organs
subconscious
sensory stimuli regarding your blood pressure, blood carbon dioxide levels, and chemical composition of material within the small intestine are examples of sensory information that is detected and responded to on a __________ level
duration
the CNS is able to determine the _______ of stimulus because all sensory receptors become less sensitive to a constant stimulus and initiate a progressive decrease in nerve signals
optic nerve
the _____ _____ is composed of many sensory neurons that extend from different portions of the retina of the eye to communicate with designated regions of the spinal organ within the visual cortex of the occipital lobe
somatic sensory
the ______ ______ receptors monitor several types of stimuli including texture of an object, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain
receptive field
the area that the terminal end of a single sensory neuron is distributed is called its _______ _______
swithboard
the brain is like a __________ and it interprets the source based on which "line" the signal is arrived
intensity
the cns is able to interpret the relative _______ of the stimulus because of the change in number of nerve signals that are arriving along a designated nerve
skin
the concept of a receptive field and its significance is most clearly shown with a comparison of receptive fields in the ________
adaptation
the decrease in sensitivity to a continuous stimulus is called _______
olfaction; gustation; vision; hearing; equilibrium
the five special senses are
electrical
the form the energy is transduced or changed to is always _______ energy and it is sent along a sensory neuron
stimulus
the general function of sensory receptors is to respond to a __________ and initiate sensory input to the CNS
chemoreceptors
the receptors in the taste buds on our tongue are ______
occipital lobe
the receptors of the eye initiate nerve signals along the optic nerve to the ________ lobe
fingertips, back
the relative amount of area that sensory neurons of the skin are distributed in two different regions of the body -- the skin of the ________ and the skin of the upper __________
receptive
the size of the ________ field will determine the ability of the CNS to identify the exact location of a stimulus
location
the specific _______ of a stimulus is able to be determined by the CNS because sensory information is relayed either different regions of a sensory receptors within a given nerve the
general; special
the two sensory receptor distribution types are the _____ sense and the _____ senses
tonic receptors
this difference in adaptation is used to catergorize sensory receptors as either tonic receptors or phasic receptors
resting membrane potential, gated
two features are critical to allow sensory receptors to function as transducers (1) sensory receptors like neuron and muscle cells establish and maintain a ________ ________ ________ across their plasma membrane (2) sensory receptors contain modality _______ channels within their plasma membrane
stimulus
whether we consciously perceive a _________ is dependent upon which specific region of the CNS receives that sensory information