Chapter 16. Psy 202

How does humanistic therapy differ from psychoanalysis

*humanistic therapists aim to boost people's self-fullfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance *promoting this growth, not curing illness, is the focus of therapy *the path to growth is taking immediate responsibility for ones feelings and actions, rather than uncovering hidden determinants *conscious thoughts are more important than unconscious &the present and the future are more important than the unconscious

How effective is therapy according to clients and clinicians

*people often need therapy in crisis *clients may need to believe the therapy was worth the effort *clients generally speak kindly of their therapists *because people enter therapy unhappy, and leave less unhappy, most clients testify to therapy sucess- regardless of the treatment

Goals of psychoanalysis

*presumes that healthier, less anxious people living becomes possible when people release the energy they had previously devoted to id-ego-superego conflict. * we do not fully know oursleves, and there are things we don't want to know - we disavow or deny *therapy aims to bring patients repressed and disowned feelings into conscious awareness. By helping them to reclaim their unconscious thoughts and feelings and giving them insight into origins of their disorder, he aimed to help then to reduce growth - impeding inner conflicts

Downsides of thorazine

*sluggishness, tremors, and twiches similar to those in Parkinson diseas, as well as a long term use can produce dyskinesia.

Goals of behavior therapu

*they assume that problem behaviors are the problems, and the application of learning principles can eliminate them *theorists view maladaptive symptoms such as phobias or sexual dysfunctions - as learned behaviors that can be replaced by constructive behaviors

Goals of cognitive therapy

*tries in various ways to teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking. If people are miserable, they can be helped to change their mind

Three commonalities that most psychotherapist share

1. Hope for demoralized people 2. A new perspective 3. An emphatic, trusting, caring relationship.

Counterconditioning

A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and adhesive conditioning

Unconditional positive reward

A caring, accepting, non judgemental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self acceptance.

Rogers client-centered theory

A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients growth.

Cognitive - behavioral therapy

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behavior therapy

Meta-analysis

A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Lobotomy

A psychosurgicl procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to emotion controlling center of the inner brain

Aversive conditioning

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

Systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety - triggering stimuli. Used to treat phobias

Insight therapies

A variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing persons awareness of underlying motives and defenses

Who created a cognitive therapy for depression

Aaron Beck

Eclectic approach

An approach in psychotherapy that, depending in the clients problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Token econony

An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for various privileges and treats

How long before the drugs starting to make people better?

Begin influence within hours, but full effect requires 4 weeks

What psychotherapy works well to treat phobias

Behavioral conditioning

Exposure terapy

Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination and actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

Evidence -based practice

Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

What ECT treats

Depressed people that did not respond to drug therapy

What neurotransmitter level antipsychotic drugs affect

Dopamine to occupying receptor and block it's activity

Antianxiety drugs

Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

Antidepressant drugs

Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, ocd, and ptsd

ECT

Electroconvulsive therapy, a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of anesthezied patient

Active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers client-centered therapy

Light exposure therapy

Exposing people to 90 minutes of a bright light

EMDR

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing-offering people imagine traumatic scenes while she triggered eye movements by waiving her finger in front of their eyes, supposedly enabling them to unlock and reprocess previously frozen memories.

Psychoanalysis

Freuds therapeutic technique. The patients free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and therapist's interpretations of them - release previously repressed feelibgs, allowing patients to gain self-insight.

Three qualities Roger believes therapist must have

Genuine Acceptance Empathy

Interpretation

In psychoanalysis, the analyst noting supposed dream mraning, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Resistance

In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety - laden material

Transference

In psychoanalysis, the patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Tardive diskinesia

Involuntary movements of the facial muscles (such as grimacing), tongue, and limbs

Free association

Is a technique used in psychoanalysis (also in psychodynamic theory). Technique uses to solve inner conflicts and contradictions

Counselors

Marriage and family counselors specialize I problems arising from family relations. Clergy provide counseling to countless people. Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims. Mental health and other counselors maybe required to have a two year master degree.

Clinical psychologist

Most of psychologists with PhD (includes research training) or psy d. (Focuses on therapy) supplemented bu a supervised internship, and, often, postdoctoral training. About half work in agencies, institutions, half in private practices

Resilience

Personal strength that helps most people to cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

Systematic desensitization used to treat what?

Phobias, flying, heights, particular animals, and public speaking

Biomedical therapies

Physically changing the brains functioning by altering it's chemistry with drugs, or affecting it's circuitry with electroconvulsive shock, magnetic impulses, or psychosurgery

Psychiatrist

Psychiatrists are physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders. Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D. or D.O they cn prescribe medications. Thus they tend to see those with most serious problems. Many have their own private practices

What psychotherapy works well to treat depression

Psychodynamic therapy

Rational - emotive behavioral therapy

REBT-A confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Lithium

Salt, treats bipolar disorder

Psychosurgery

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Stress inoculation training

Teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situationz. Sometimes it might be enough to say positive things to yourself.

What is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or supers brain activity

What did smith et AL (1980) find in their examination of the outcome research on psychological therapies

The average therapy client ends up better off than 80% of untreated individuals on waiting list.

How is Rogers client centered therapy non direcive

Therapist listens without judging or interpretting, and seeks to refrain from directing the client toward certain insight

Group therapy

Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

Psychodynamic therapy

Therapy serving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.

Behavior therapy

Therapy that applies principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Cognitive therapy

Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Family therapy

Therapy that treats family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behavior as influences by. Or directed at, other family members.

Does research suggest that these alternative therapies are effective?

There is no evidence for or against them

Do people undergoing therapy do better than those who are not?

Those not undergoing therapy often improve, but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve quickly, and with less risk to relapse.

Psychotherapy

Treatment involving psychological techniques; consist of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

Antipsychotic drugs used treat what?

Used to treat shizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

What types of disorders re easier to treat than others

When the problem is clear-cut : phobias and panics, who are unassertive, or who are frustrated by sexual performances

How long does traditional psychoanalysis take

Years of several sessions per week