Chapter 16. Psy 202
How does humanistic therapy differ from psychoanalysis
*humanistic therapists aim to boost people's self-fullfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance *promoting this growth, not curing illness, is the focus of therapy *the path to growth is taking immediate responsibility for ones feelings and actions, rather than uncovering hidden determinants *conscious thoughts are more important than unconscious &the present and the future are more important than the unconscious
How effective is therapy according to clients and clinicians
*people often need therapy in crisis *clients may need to believe the therapy was worth the effort *clients generally speak kindly of their therapists *because people enter therapy unhappy, and leave less unhappy, most clients testify to therapy sucess- regardless of the treatment
Goals of psychoanalysis
*presumes that healthier, less anxious people living becomes possible when people release the energy they had previously devoted to id-ego-superego conflict. * we do not fully know oursleves, and there are things we don't want to know - we disavow or deny *therapy aims to bring patients repressed and disowned feelings into conscious awareness. By helping them to reclaim their unconscious thoughts and feelings and giving them insight into origins of their disorder, he aimed to help then to reduce growth - impeding inner conflicts
Downsides of thorazine
*sluggishness, tremors, and twiches similar to those in Parkinson diseas, as well as a long term use can produce dyskinesia.
Goals of behavior therapu
*they assume that problem behaviors are the problems, and the application of learning principles can eliminate them *theorists view maladaptive symptoms such as phobias or sexual dysfunctions - as learned behaviors that can be replaced by constructive behaviors
Goals of cognitive therapy
*tries in various ways to teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking. If people are miserable, they can be helped to change their mind
Three commonalities that most psychotherapist share
1. Hope for demoralized people 2. A new perspective 3. An emphatic, trusting, caring relationship.
Counterconditioning
A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and adhesive conditioning
Unconditional positive reward
A caring, accepting, non judgemental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self acceptance.
Rogers client-centered theory
A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients growth.
Cognitive - behavioral therapy
A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behavior therapy
Meta-analysis
A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
Lobotomy
A psychosurgicl procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to emotion controlling center of the inner brain
Aversive conditioning
A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
Systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety - triggering stimuli. Used to treat phobias
Insight therapies
A variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing persons awareness of underlying motives and defenses
Who created a cognitive therapy for depression
Aaron Beck
Eclectic approach
An approach in psychotherapy that, depending in the clients problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
Token econony
An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for various privileges and treats
How long before the drugs starting to make people better?
Begin influence within hours, but full effect requires 4 weeks
What psychotherapy works well to treat phobias
Behavioral conditioning
Exposure terapy
Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination and actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid
Evidence -based practice
Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
What ECT treats
Depressed people that did not respond to drug therapy
What neurotransmitter level antipsychotic drugs affect
Dopamine to occupying receptor and block it's activity
Antianxiety drugs
Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
Antidepressant drugs
Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, ocd, and ptsd
ECT
Electroconvulsive therapy, a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of anesthezied patient
Active listening
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers client-centered therapy
Light exposure therapy
Exposing people to 90 minutes of a bright light
EMDR
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing-offering people imagine traumatic scenes while she triggered eye movements by waiving her finger in front of their eyes, supposedly enabling them to unlock and reprocess previously frozen memories.
Psychoanalysis
Freuds therapeutic technique. The patients free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and therapist's interpretations of them - release previously repressed feelibgs, allowing patients to gain self-insight.
Three qualities Roger believes therapist must have
Genuine Acceptance Empathy
Interpretation
In psychoanalysis, the analyst noting supposed dream mraning, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
Resistance
In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety - laden material
Transference
In psychoanalysis, the patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
Tardive diskinesia
Involuntary movements of the facial muscles (such as grimacing), tongue, and limbs
Free association
Is a technique used in psychoanalysis (also in psychodynamic theory). Technique uses to solve inner conflicts and contradictions
Counselors
Marriage and family counselors specialize I problems arising from family relations. Clergy provide counseling to countless people. Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims. Mental health and other counselors maybe required to have a two year master degree.
Clinical psychologist
Most of psychologists with PhD (includes research training) or psy d. (Focuses on therapy) supplemented bu a supervised internship, and, often, postdoctoral training. About half work in agencies, institutions, half in private practices
Resilience
Personal strength that helps most people to cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
Systematic desensitization used to treat what?
Phobias, flying, heights, particular animals, and public speaking
Biomedical therapies
Physically changing the brains functioning by altering it's chemistry with drugs, or affecting it's circuitry with electroconvulsive shock, magnetic impulses, or psychosurgery
Psychiatrist
Psychiatrists are physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders. Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D. or D.O they cn prescribe medications. Thus they tend to see those with most serious problems. Many have their own private practices
What psychotherapy works well to treat depression
Psychodynamic therapy
Rational - emotive behavioral therapy
REBT-A confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
Lithium
Salt, treats bipolar disorder
Psychosurgery
Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
Stress inoculation training
Teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situationz. Sometimes it might be enough to say positive things to yourself.
What is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or supers brain activity
What did smith et AL (1980) find in their examination of the outcome research on psychological therapies
The average therapy client ends up better off than 80% of untreated individuals on waiting list.
How is Rogers client centered therapy non direcive
Therapist listens without judging or interpretting, and seeks to refrain from directing the client toward certain insight
Group therapy
Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction
Psychodynamic therapy
Therapy serving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.
Behavior therapy
Therapy that applies principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
Cognitive therapy
Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Family therapy
Therapy that treats family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behavior as influences by. Or directed at, other family members.
Does research suggest that these alternative therapies are effective?
There is no evidence for or against them
Do people undergoing therapy do better than those who are not?
Those not undergoing therapy often improve, but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve quickly, and with less risk to relapse.
Psychotherapy
Treatment involving psychological techniques; consist of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.
Antipsychotic drugs used treat what?
Used to treat shizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
What types of disorders re easier to treat than others
When the problem is clear-cut : phobias and panics, who are unassertive, or who are frustrated by sexual performances
How long does traditional psychoanalysis take
Years of several sessions per week