Chapter 16: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

treatments for psychological disorders

Biomedical treatments: drug therapy psychosurgery electric and magnetic therapies psychological treatments: psychoanalytic/psychodynamic humanistic positive therapy behavioral treatments cognitive behavioral treatments group therapies Combined Treatments drug psychotherapy integrative therapies mindfulness+psychotherapy

systematic desensitization

a behavior therapy technique, often used for phobias in which the therapist pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a phobic object generating a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object.. 3 levels: imagined, virtual, real.

token economies

a behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileged.

benzodiazepines

a class of anxiety-reducing drugs that can be addictive but are less dangerous than barbiturates. calming effects.

barbiturates

a class of anxiety-reducing sedatives that can be addictive and carry a risk of overdose. calming effects

monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

a class of drugs used to treat depression; they slow the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain; first to be used to treat depression.; increase blood pressure but improves mood

client-centered therapy

a for of humanistic therapy in which the therapists shows unconditional positive regard fro the client. (who they are vs who they want to be); created by Carl Rogers (humanistic psychology); humanistic/positive therapies seek to help the client reach his or her greatest potential. Results: self-worth, confidence for self fulfillment.

flooding

a form of in vivo exposure in which the client experiences extreme exposure to the phobic object.

prefrontal lobotomy

a form of psychosurgery in which the connections between the pre-frontal cortex and the lower portion of the brain are severed; it is no longer in use.

free association

a psychotherapeutic technique in which the client takes one image or idea from a dream and says whatever comes to mind, reguarless of how threatening, distinguising or troubling it may be.

lithium

a salt that is prescribed for its ability to stabilized the mania association with bipolar disorder. unpleasant and dangerous causes diarrhea, nausea, tremors, cognitive problems, kidney failure, brain damage, cardiac effects

group therapy

a therapeutic setting in which several people who share a common problem all meet regular with a therapist to help themselves and one another.

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

a treatment for severe depression involving exposure of specific brain structures to bursts of high intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity.

optogenetics

a treatment that uses a combination of (light) stimulation and genetics to manipulate the activity of individual neurons.

mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

an approach that combines elements of CBT with mindfulness meditation to help people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns.

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

an approach to treating psychological disorders that combines techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviors. Cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on changing a client's way of thinking in order to avoid irrational thoughts by asking clients to break down problems into steps that can be tackled one at a time illustrating the approach.

integrative therapy

an eclectic approach in which a therapists draws on different treatment approaches and uses those that seem most appropriate for the situation.

cognitive therapy

any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patterns;

defense mechanism

are psychological strategies individuals employ to protect themselves from unacceptable impulses.

4 major forms of treatment to help alleviate

biomedical psychological technological-based combined therapies

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

drugs prescribed primarily for depression and some anxiety disorders; they work by making more serotonin available in the synapse. make more serotonin available in the synapse Prozac (fluoxetine) Zoloft (sertraline) Paxil (paroxetine) Celexa (citalopram)

tricyclic antidepressants

drugs used for treating depression as well as chronic pain and ADHD

phenothiazines

drugs used to treat schizophrenia; they help diminish hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia but also have adverse side effects. Henri Laborit discovered this class of drugs called phenothiazines (block dopamine receptors in the brain). he accidentally discover when trying to reduce shock surgery

prevention

focus on identifying risk factors for disorders. healthy diet, exercise: prevent depression (#1)

traditional antipsychotics

historically, the first medications used to manage psychotic symptoms; phenothiazines and haloperidol (fatigue, visual impairments and a condition called tardive dyskinesia)

support groups

meetings of people who share a common situation, be it a disorder, a disease, or an ill family member.

atypical antipsychotics

new antipsychotic drugs, which do not create tardive dyskinesia; first line treatment for schizophrenia examples Clozapine (Clozaril) Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Risperidone (Risperdal) block other type of dopamine not the regular target, unable to cause problems :)

tardive dyskinesia

repetitive, involuntary movements of the jax, tongue, face, and mouth and body tremors resulting from thr extended use of traditional antipsychotic drugs.

dodo bird verdict

the finding that most forms of therapy are effective and few significant differences exist in effectiveness among standard therapies.

transference

the process in psychotherapy in which the client reacts to a person in a present relationship as though that person were someone from the clients past.

catharsis

the process of releasing intense often unconscious, emotions in a therapeutic setting.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

the treatment of last resort for severe depression that involves passing an electrical current through a persons's brain in order to induce a seizure. people become calm afterwards; effective for depression but not schizophrenia; deadly to the chest but not head; brief seizure; creates permanent memory loss, destroys brain tissue. better to use it on one side of the brain and not both.

psychotherapy

the use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior

behavior therapies

therapies that apply the principles of classical and operant conditioning in the treatment of psychological disorders.

technological based therapies

therapies that make use of technology or the internet to complement current therapies or make psychotherapeutic techniques available to more people.

virtual reality therapies

therapies that use virtual (digital simulation) environments to create therapeutic situations that would be hard to create otherwise.

psychoanalytic therapy

therapy aimed at uncovering the unconscious motives that underlie psychological problems.; talk therapy; Sigmund Freuds own practices.

evidence based therapies

treatment choices based on empirical evidence that they produce the desired outcome

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

treatment of CBT with exercises aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation, it is used to treat borderline personality disorder.

deep brain stimulation

works wonders for depression anxiety, etc. electrodes involved.