chapter 17
which group of wbc's are classified as granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
The most common form of hemolytic disease of the newborn happens after a __________ woman has carried a __________ fetus
Rh-, Rh+
Red blood cells have a limited lifespan and then are phagocytized by macrophages in the liver, spleen and red bone marrow. What happens to the iron in the heme group of RBCs?
The iron will be either stored in the liver or transported back to the red bone marrow to be incorporated into new hemoglobin.
which two enzymes are needed to convert plasminogen to plasmin
Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
In which phase of hemostasis does local contraction of an injured blood vessel occur?
Vascular phase
If a person has type A blood, Rh surface antigens on the blood cells, and anti-B antibodies in the plasma, what is that person's blood type?
a positive
Clot destruction involves a process that begins with __________.
activation of the proenzyme plasminogen, which initiates the production of plasmin
The number of eosinophils increases dramatically during __________.
an allergic reaction or a parasitic infection
Why is there a difference in the hematocrit between males and females?
androgens stimulate rbc production and estrogens do not
During RBC recycling, each heme unit is stripped of its iron and converted to __________.
biliverdin
Within macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, each heme unit is stripped of its iron and is first converted to which of the following organic compounds
biliverdin
What is the primary site of erythropoiesis in an adult?
bone marrow
how much blood does an adult male normally have
5-6L
Which of the following is a compound that stimulates platelet aggregation?
ADP
Which of the following is NOT a good reason why venipuncture is a common technique for obtaining a blood sample?
Blood does not clot as easily coming from veins as it does from arteries.
Leucocytes or white blood cells fight infection. They have the ability to leave the bloodstream and enter a damaged or infected area. What is the name of this process of leaving the bloodstream?
Emigration or diapedesis
In the process of hemostasis, what triggers the Extrinsic Pathway of the coagulation phase?
Factor III (Tissue Factor or TF)
What type of molecules are the antigens found on our blood cells?
Glycoproteins and glycolipids
Which of the following affect almost every aspect of the clotting process?
calcium ions and vitamin k
Agglutinogens are contained on the __________, whereas the agglutinins are found in the __________.
cell membrane of the RBC; plasma
A decreased number of megakaryocytes would interfere with what process?
clot formation
In which phase of hemostasis is fibrin deposited, creating a solid blood clot?
coaglation phase
signes of iron deficiency anemia include
decrease in hematocrit, hemoglobin content, and O2-carrying capacity
in addition to water and proteins, what elsse makes up plasma
electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes
Which of the following is a locally produced hormone causing smooth muscle contraction during the vascular phase?
endothelin
Which of the following types of white blood cells are involved in fighting off parasitic infections, such as flukes and roundworms?
eosinophils
Reticulocytes are nucleated immature cells that develop into mature __________.
erythrocytes
which component makes up the largest proportion of the formed elements
erythrocytes
which of the following is a notable feature of leukemia
excessive numbers of the wbc's
which of the plasma proteins functions in blood clotting
fibrinogen
thrombin is required to convert
fibrinogen to fibrin
what kind of tissue is blood
fluid connective tissue
Megakaryocytes are specialized cells of the bone marrow that are responsible for __________.
formation of platelets
which category of plasma proteins includes antibodies
globulins
A patient developed an obstruction in his renal arteries that restricted blood flow to his kidneys. What change would occur to the formed elements?
hematocrit would increase
Which part of hemoglobin binds oxygen?
heme
Jessica has just moved from Orlando, Florida, to Denver, Colorado. What condition is she now experiencing that is stimulating the production of erythropoietin and, consequently, more red blood cells?
hypoxia caused by an increase in her elevation above sea level
which plasma protein would you expect to be elevated if you were suffering from strep throat
immunoglobulins
benefits of the unusual shape of the rbc
increased surface to volume ratio rbc can stack on each other flexibility
Even if blood is carefully collected into a tube that has not been treated with an anticoagulant, it will clot. Which part of hemostasis is triggered by the activation of clotting factor XII
intrinsic pathway
Placing blood in a test tube initiates which pathway in the clotting process?
intrinsic pathway
where are most plasma proteins produced
liver
Erythropoietin appears in the plasma when peripheral tissues, especially the kidneys, are exposed to __________.
low oxygen concentrations
Nonspecific defenses do not discriminate between one type of threat or another. The specific immune response will provide a counterattack against specific types of invading pathogens. What cell type is responsible for specific defense?
lymphocytes
myeloid stem cells develop into
megakaryocytes
Which type of white blood cell circulates in the blood for about 24 hours before entering the tissues and differentiating into a macrophage?
monocyte
What type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut?
neutrophil
which wbc population is found in the highest abundance and has lobed nuclei resembling a string of beans
neutrophils
If agglutinogen B meets with agglutinin anti-A, what is the result?
no agglutination occurs
In which pregnancy are an Rh-positive mom and an Rh-positive child at risk of developing erythroblastosis fetalis?
no pregnancy
what is hematocrit
percentage of formed elements in whole blood
platelets promote vessel repair by releasing
platelet derived growth factor
What is the term for the characteristic of white blood cells in which they are attracted to a specific chemical stimulus?
positive chemotaxis
Which of the following is a characteristic of endothelins
they stimulate division of smooth muscle cells
which blood type is considered the universal donor
type o-
What are the "patrol agents" in the blood that defend the body against toxins and pathogens?
wbc's and antibodies
In order to produce a massive amount of fibrin molecules, thrombin needs to be present. To ensure abundance of thrombin production, thrombin stimulates its own production by stimulating the formation of tissue factor and PF-3, which activates further platelet aggregation. This pattern of stimulation is known as a ____________________.
positive feedback loop
The intrinsic pathway of the coagulation phase __________.
proceeds with the assistance of PF-3
fibrinolysis
process where the clot dissolves
proportionately, what is the largest component of the plasma, other than water
proteins
the formed elements of the blood consist of ______
rbc, wbc, and platelets
where are the rbc's produced in an adult
red bone marrow
how do basophils respond to an injury
release histamine and heparin
erythropoetin is:
released into the plasma when peripheral tissues, esp the kidneys, re exposed to low oxygen concentrations
circulating mature rbc's lack
ribosomes, mitochondria and nuclei
rouleaux
stack of rbc's
How is it that liver disorders can alter the composition and the functional properties of blood?
the liver is the primary source of plasma proteins