chapter 17

which group of wbc's are classified as granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

The most common form of hemolytic disease of the newborn happens after a __________ woman has carried a __________ fetus

Rh-, Rh+

Red blood cells have a limited lifespan and then are phagocytized by macrophages in the liver, spleen and red bone marrow. What happens to the iron in the heme group of RBCs?

The iron will be either stored in the liver or transported back to the red bone marrow to be incorporated into new hemoglobin.

which two enzymes are needed to convert plasminogen to plasmin

Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

In which phase of hemostasis does local contraction of an injured blood vessel occur?

Vascular phase

If a person has type A blood, Rh surface antigens on the blood cells, and anti-B antibodies in the plasma, what is that person's blood type?

a positive

Clot destruction involves a process that begins with __________.

activation of the proenzyme plasminogen, which initiates the production of plasmin

The number of eosinophils increases dramatically during __________.

an allergic reaction or a parasitic infection

Why is there a difference in the hematocrit between males and females?

androgens stimulate rbc production and estrogens do not

During RBC recycling, each heme unit is stripped of its iron and converted to __________.

biliverdin

Within macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, each heme unit is stripped of its iron and is first converted to which of the following organic compounds

biliverdin

What is the primary site of erythropoiesis in an adult?

bone marrow

how much blood does an adult male normally have

5-6L

Which of the following is a compound that stimulates platelet aggregation?

ADP

Which of the following is NOT a good reason why venipuncture is a common technique for obtaining a blood sample?

Blood does not clot as easily coming from veins as it does from arteries.

Leucocytes or white blood cells fight infection. They have the ability to leave the bloodstream and enter a damaged or infected area. What is the name of this process of leaving the bloodstream?

Emigration or diapedesis

In the process of hemostasis, what triggers the Extrinsic Pathway of the coagulation phase?

Factor III (Tissue Factor or TF)

What type of molecules are the antigens found on our blood cells?

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

Which of the following affect almost every aspect of the clotting process?

calcium ions and vitamin k

Agglutinogens are contained on the __________, whereas the agglutinins are found in the __________.

cell membrane of the RBC; plasma

A decreased number of megakaryocytes would interfere with what process?

clot formation

In which phase of hemostasis is fibrin deposited, creating a solid blood clot?

coaglation phase

signes of iron deficiency anemia include

decrease in hematocrit, hemoglobin content, and O2-carrying capacity

in addition to water and proteins, what elsse makes up plasma

electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes

Which of the following is a locally produced hormone causing smooth muscle contraction during the vascular phase?

endothelin

Which of the following types of white blood cells are involved in fighting off parasitic infections, such as flukes and roundworms?

eosinophils

Reticulocytes are nucleated immature cells that develop into mature __________.

erythrocytes

which component makes up the largest proportion of the formed elements

erythrocytes

which of the following is a notable feature of leukemia

excessive numbers of the wbc's

which of the plasma proteins functions in blood clotting

fibrinogen

thrombin is required to convert

fibrinogen to fibrin

what kind of tissue is blood

fluid connective tissue

Megakaryocytes are specialized cells of the bone marrow that are responsible for __________.

formation of platelets

which category of plasma proteins includes antibodies

globulins

A patient developed an obstruction in his renal arteries that restricted blood flow to his kidneys. What change would occur to the formed elements?

hematocrit would increase

Which part of hemoglobin binds oxygen?

heme

Jessica has just moved from Orlando, Florida, to Denver, Colorado. What condition is she now experiencing that is stimulating the production of erythropoietin and, consequently, more red blood cells?

hypoxia caused by an increase in her elevation above sea level

which plasma protein would you expect to be elevated if you were suffering from strep throat

immunoglobulins

benefits of the unusual shape of the rbc

increased surface to volume ratio rbc can stack on each other flexibility

Even if blood is carefully collected into a tube that has not been treated with an anticoagulant, it will clot. Which part of hemostasis is triggered by the activation of clotting factor XII

intrinsic pathway

Placing blood in a test tube initiates which pathway in the clotting process?

intrinsic pathway

where are most plasma proteins produced

liver

Erythropoietin appears in the plasma when peripheral tissues, especially the kidneys, are exposed to __________.

low oxygen concentrations

Nonspecific defenses do not discriminate between one type of threat or another. The specific immune response will provide a counterattack against specific types of invading pathogens. What cell type is responsible for specific defense?

lymphocytes

myeloid stem cells develop into

megakaryocytes

Which type of white blood cell circulates in the blood for about 24 hours before entering the tissues and differentiating into a macrophage?

monocyte

What type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut?

neutrophil

which wbc population is found in the highest abundance and has lobed nuclei resembling a string of beans

neutrophils

If agglutinogen B meets with agglutinin anti-A, what is the result?

no agglutination occurs

In which pregnancy are an Rh-positive mom and an Rh-positive child at risk of developing erythroblastosis fetalis?

no pregnancy

what is hematocrit

percentage of formed elements in whole blood

platelets promote vessel repair by releasing

platelet derived growth factor

What is the term for the characteristic of white blood cells in which they are attracted to a specific chemical stimulus?

positive chemotaxis

Which of the following is a characteristic of endothelins

they stimulate division of smooth muscle cells

which blood type is considered the universal donor

type o-

What are the "patrol agents" in the blood that defend the body against toxins and pathogens?

wbc's and antibodies

In order to produce a massive amount of fibrin molecules, thrombin needs to be present. To ensure abundance of thrombin production, thrombin stimulates its own production by stimulating the formation of tissue factor and PF-3, which activates further platelet aggregation. This pattern of stimulation is known as a ____________________.

positive feedback loop

The intrinsic pathway of the coagulation phase __________.

proceeds with the assistance of PF-3

fibrinolysis

process where the clot dissolves

proportionately, what is the largest component of the plasma, other than water

proteins

the formed elements of the blood consist of ______

rbc, wbc, and platelets

where are the rbc's produced in an adult

red bone marrow

how do basophils respond to an injury

release histamine and heparin

erythropoetin is:

released into the plasma when peripheral tissues, esp the kidneys, re exposed to low oxygen concentrations

circulating mature rbc's lack

ribosomes, mitochondria and nuclei

rouleaux

stack of rbc's

How is it that liver disorders can alter the composition and the functional properties of blood?

the liver is the primary source of plasma proteins