Chapter 17

Growth Hormone (GH)

anterior pituitary promotes tissue growth throughout the body. Secreted mainly at night.

blood calcium concentration s contolled mainly by a hormone from the: a.) anterior pituitary ; b.) posterior pituitary ; c.) adrenal cortex ; d.) kidneys ; e.) parathyroids

E - Parathyroids

All of the following hormones are steroids excepts: a.) progesterone ; b.) estrogen ; c.) aldosterone ; d.) cortisone ; e.) dopamine

E- Dopamine

The endocrine part of the pancreas consists of cell clusters called?

Pancreatic Islets

Present in fetus; absent in adult

Pars Intermedia

Gap junctions

Pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) promotes secretion of...

Prolactin (PRL)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) promotes secretion of....

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACHT)

This gland is shaped like a flattened funnel, it forms floor and walls of third ventricle of the brain, regulated primitive functions of the body like water balance, thermoregulation, sex drive and childbirth. Many of it's functions are carried out by the pituitary gland.

hypothalamus

Endocrine glands

organs that are traditional sources of hormones

Thyroid hormone in the hydrophobic, and it depends on a plasma protein, ______, to transport it in the blood.

testosterone

Endocrinology

the study of this system and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders

Composed of two lobes, dark reddish brown in color due to the rich blood supply.

thyroid gland

Largest of the endocrine glands

thyroid gland

Throtropin releasing hormone promotes the secretion of.....

thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH) and prolactin ( PRL)

True or False some hormones oppose the effect of other hormones

true

Caused by certain viruses acting on genetically susceptible people

type 1 DM

Endocrine system

•glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

Which of these is/are true? 1. Cortisol is an insulin antagonist. 2. Long-term high cortisol concentrations stimulate the immune system. 3. A pheochromocytoma mimics the stress response. 4. The brain produce releasing and inhibiting hormones that target the neurohypophysis. a.) 1 & 3 ; b.) 2 & 4 c.) 1, 2, & 3 ; d.) 4 only ; e.) all the above

A - 1 & 3

All of the following anterior pituitary hormones have a narrow range of targets except: a.) GH ; b.) FSH ; c.) TSH ; d.) LH ; e.) ACTH

A - GH

Which one does not belong? a.) insulin ; b.) EPI ; c.) cortisol ; d.) glucagon

A - Insulin

The anterior pituitary can be stimulated by: a.) corticotropin-releasing hormone ; b.) corticotropic hormone ; c.) interstitial cell-stimulating hormone ; d.) thyroid - stimulating hormone ; e.) sonatomedin

A - corticotropin-releasing hormone

Chronic stress can make a person more susceptible to infection or cancer because it stimulates the continual secretion of: a.) cortisol ; b.) aldosterone ; c.) norepinephrine ; d.) gonadotropins ; e.) somatotropin

A - cortisol

All are true about endocrine functions of the kidney except: a.) it secretes cholecalciferol; b.) it makes most of the body's EPO; c.) it produces an enzyme that converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin 1; d.) it makes vitamin D3; e.) a pathway begins here that ultimately results in Aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex.

A - t secretes cholecalciferol

Which are these is/are true about hormone actions? 1. ANP decreases blood pressure by stimulating the kidneys to increase sodium and water excretion. 2. EPO made in the liver and kidneys stimulates white blood cell output during stress. 3. Angiotensin 2 is a powerful vasoconstrictor; it also stimulates release of aldosterone. 4. Aldosterone has a short half life for a steroid hormone because it binds to transcortin. a.) 1 & 3 b.) 2 & 4 c.) 1 , 2 , & 3 d.) 4 only e.) all the above

A- 1 & 3

Stimulates release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

ACTH

Six Releasing hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary.

ACTH, FSH, GH, LH, PRL, TSH

Arises from the hypophyseal pouch. Anterior pituitary

Adenohypophysis

Constitutes anterior three-quaters of pituitary, has two segments known as anterior lobe and pars tuberalis. Linked to the hypothalamus by the hypophyseal portal system

Adenohypophysis

All of these are caused by hypersecretion of a hormone except: a.) acromegaly ; b.) endemic goiter ; c.) Cushing syndrome ; d.) androgenital syndrome ; e.) Graves Disease

B - Endemic Goiter

Which of the following hormones must travel through the hypophyseall portal system to carry out its function? a.) growth hormone ; b.) gonadotropin-releasing hormone ; c.) thyroxine d.) luteinizing hormone e.) cortisol

B - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Insulin injections will not benefit people with type 2 diabetes mellitus because a.) their alpha cells won't secrete insulin, anyways; b.) their beta cells antagonize the effect of the insulin; c.) their target cells lack receptors for insulin; d.) when insulin binds to the target cells it fails to activate second messenger. e.) they cannot metabolize glucose even if the target cells do absorb it.

C - their target cells lack receptors for insulin

Eicosanoids are synthesized from one of the plasma membrane phospholipids called: a.) prostaglandin; b.) lipoxygenase ; c.) arachidonic acid ; d.) leukotriene ; e.) thromboxane

C- Arachidonic

which one does belong? a. ACTH -> cortisol ; b.) TSH -> thyroid hormones ; c.) GH -> somatotropin ; d.) LH -> estrogen

C- GH -> somatotropin

which one doesn't belong? a.) ACTH ; b.) LH ; c.) PTH ; d.) TSH

C- PTH

antidiuretic hormone (ADH): a.) is synthesized in the pituitary ; b.) stimulates the live to release somatonmedins ; c.) reduces urine output ; d.) targets bone tissue ; e.) is a steroid

C- reduces urine output

Hormones

Chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs

which one does belong? a.) insulin ; b.) glucagon ; c.) prolactin ; d.) thyroid hormones

D - thyroid hormones

Which of these is/are true? 1. One hormone can have more than one second messenger. 2. Hormone specificity is due to the fact that one hormone can bind only specific receptors on its target tissues. 3. EPI, aldosterone, and A-2 increase during an alarm reaction. 4. NSAIDs can mimic Cushing syndrome. a.) 1 & 3 ; b.) 2 & 4 ; c.) 1 , 2 , & 3 ; d.) 4 only ; e.) all the above

E - all the above

A cell can increase its own sensitivity to a circulating hormone by the process of: a.) the synergistic effect ; b.) the permissive effect ; c.) enzyme amplification ; d.) the general adaptation syndrome ; e.) up-regulation

E -up regulation

Consequence of a dietary iodine deficiency

Endemic Goiter

True or False Steroid hormones bind to receptors in the cytoplasm of their target cells.

False

True or False The neurohypophysis synthesizes Oxycontin and antiaduretic hormone.

False

True or False insulin is secreted when blood glucose drops too low and helps raise it to a safe level.

False

The body has four principal mechanisms of communication between cells?

Gap Junctions Neurotransmitters Paracrine ( local) hormones Hormones

Hypersecretion of growth hormone causes _______ if it occurs in childhood or adolescence and ______ if it occurs in adulthood.

Gigantism ; Accromegaly

Two symptoms of diabetes mellutis are ______, which means glucose in the urine and _______, which means abnormally high level of glucose in the blood.

Glycosuria ; hyperglycemia

Exocrine glands

Have ducts carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of the digestive tract: "external secretions" Extracellular effects (food digestion)

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles.

Some endocrine glands elsewhere in the body suppress the secretion of hormones by the pituitary. This is called_____.

Negative feedback inhibition

Constitutes the posterior one- quarter of the pituitary. Has three parts, median eminence, infundibulum and the posterior lobe. Nerve tissue, not a true gland.

Neurohypophysis

down growth from brain. Posterior pituitary

Neurohypophysis

Endocrine glands

No ducts Contain dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy uptake of hormones into bloodstream "Internal secretions" Intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism

Two hormones that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

OT and ADH

Neurotransmitters

Released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell

Paracrine (local) hormones

Secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids. Regulates glucose, protein and fat metabolism and stress.

The metabolic rate is regulated by a large endocrine gland near the larynx called the___________.

Thyroid

True or False Hyperglycemia hormones include cortisol, glucagon, epinephrine and growth hormone.

True

True or False In the alarm reaction caused by stress, the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone precedes the secretion of glucocorticoids.

True

True or False Most cases of diabetes mellitus cannot be treated with insulin

True

The ________ in the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol, whole the ________ secretes aldosterone..

Zona fasticulata ; Zona Glomerulosa

luteinizing hormone (LH)

causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes

Hormones

chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance away

______ is referred to as the "salt-retaining hormone", and it helps correct low blood pressure. a.) ADH; b.) Renin; c.) Atrial natriuretic peptide ; d.) Angiotensin 2 ; e.) Aldosterone

e.) Aldosterone

what three systems does the thymus play a role in?

endocrine, lymphatic and immune

Hormone of the kidneys and live that increase red blood cell production

erythropoietin

Exonrince secretions have _______ effect, while endocrine secretions have ____ effects.

extracellular ; intercellular

Any pituitary hormone that stimulates the ovaries or testes

gonadotropin

Growth Hormone (GHRH) promotes secretion of....

growth hormornes (GH)

releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus get to the anterior pituitary by way of blood vessels called the____.

hypophyseal portal system

This gland is suspended from the hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum. It is housed in sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, is the size and shape of a kidney bean. Is composed of two structures with independent origins and separate functions.

pituitary gland

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

secreted by pituitary cells called thyrotropes, stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and the secretion of thyroid hormone. Effects metabolic rate, body temperature

Porlactin (PRL)

secreted by the pituitary gland cells called lactotropes, stimulates the mammary glands to synthesize milk.

Oxytocin (OT)

secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth

Hormones of the adrenal cortex fall into three categories:

sex steroids, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates production of ova and sperm