Chapter 17
People may report more illness during time of stress because
they expect to be more ill, because their experience of illness during times of stress is more unpleasant or because the stress changed their behavior in ways that increased their susceptibility to infection
The cortex is critical for
to inhibit the expression of aggressive responses and to direct them
What are the categories of aggressive and defensive behaviors are based on what criteria
topography, the situations that elicit, and their apparent function
The specificity of ANS reaction lies between
total specificity and total generality
Cannon Bard Contrast James Lange theory how?
views emotional experience and emotional expression as parallel processes that have no direct causal relation
Microorganisms of evert description revel in
warm, damp, nurtritive climate of your body
In a study of women awaiting surgery for possible breast cancer, the levels of stress
were lower in those who had convinced themselves they could not possibly have cancer
Stress response
when the body is exposed to harm or threat, the result is a cluster of physiological changes aka (stress)
leukocytes
white blood cells
Pellis and Colleagues discovered
1. Cats don't play w their prey; the cats that appeared to be playing w the mice were simply vacillating b/w attach and defense. 2. One can best understand each cat's interaction w mice by locating the interactions on a linear scale w total aggressiveness at one end
How do you distinguish true expressions from false ones
1. Microexpressions (brief facial expressions) of real emotions break thru the false one 2. Subtle difference b/w genuine facial expressions and false one that can be detected by skilled observers
The role of the autonomic nervous system on emotion
1. degree to which specific patterns of ANS activity are associated with specific emotions and 2. the effectiveness of ANS measure in polygraphy
Darwin's theory of evolution of emotional expression
1. expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next 2. if the signals provided by such behaviors benefit the animal that displays them, they will evolve in ways that enhance their communication function and the OG function may be lost 3. Opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures-- Principles antithesis
Important qualifications to Ekman's theory
1. facial expressions rarely occur in pure form 2. existence of other primary emotions have been recognized 3. body cues play a role in expression of emotion 4. They may not be as universal
How has contextual fear conditioning been produced in the lab?
1. produced by conventional fear conditioning procedure 2. contextual fear conditioning has been Produced by delivering aversive stimuli in a particular context in the absence of any other conditional stimulus ; if a rat receives shocks in a distinctive test chamber the rat will become fearful of the chamber
What events helped clarify the relation between stress and immune function
1. segerstrom and Miller's metanalysis, which reviewed 300 previous studies of stress and immune function 2. discovery of bidrectional role played by the cytokines in the innate immune syste,
Problems with nonhuman stress research
1. unethical-- "over the top" 2. studies that use extreme and unnatural forms of stress are often of questionable scientific value
Darwin proposed the _________________, which suggests that opposite social messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures. A. principle of antithesis B. theory of natural selection C. Cannon of Darwin D. principle of opposites
A
Urbach-Wiethe disease
A genetic disorder that often results in the calcification of the amygdala and surrounding brain structures
According to the ____________________, emotional stimuli excite both the feeling of emotion in the brain and the expression of emotion in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. A. Cannon-Bard theory B. Klüver-Bucy theory C. Darwinian theory D. James-Lange theory
A.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone trigger the release of _______ from the adrenal cortex A. Glucocortoroids B. Adrenaline C. Glucose D. Adrenocorticotropic Hormones
A.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone trigger the release of glucocorti coids from the _____ A. Adrenal cortex B. Anterior pituitary C. Occipital lobe D. Hypothalmus
A.
Aggression directed by the alpha male of a colony at a male intruder is called _____ aggression A. Social B. Defensive C. Social-Defensive D. None of the above
A.
Aggressive behavior is not increased by testosterone injections that elevate blood levels of tesosterone A. True B. False
A.
All brain areas activated by emotional stimuli are _____ during other psycholoigcal processes A. Actiavted B. Decreased C. Increased D. Deactivated
A.
Bilateral lesions to medial geniculate nucleus A. Block fear conditioning to a tone B. Don't block C. None of the above D. Both block and unblocks
A.
Castration reduces social agression during the breeding season but not at other times A. True B. False
A.
Cats that avoided mice before injection A. Played w them after injection B. Killed them after injection C. All of the above D. None of the above
A.
Cell-mediated immunity is directed by A. T cells B. B cells C. G Cells D. L cells
A.
Cell-mediated immunity is directed by ____________, whereas antibody-mediated immunity is directed by __________. A. T cells; B cells B. leukocytes; phagocytes C. phagocytes; leukocytes D. B cells; T cells
A.
Chronic stressors _____ affect the ____ system A. Adversely; adaptive immune B. Adversely; innate immune C. Positively; adaptive immine D. Adversely; innate immune
A.
Cytokines attract A. leukocytes and phagocytes B. Rhodopsin and G proteins C. Orbicular and Zygocbiuli hormones D. Antibodies
A.
Elkman and Friesen concluded that facial expressions of the following emotions are A. Surprise, anger, sadness, disgust, fear, and happiness B. Anger, fear, sleepiness, surprise C. Fear and Anger D. Sleepiness and Surprise
A.
Emotional situation produce wide spread ______ in cerebral activity A. Increases B. Decreases C. Pain D. Limitations
A.
Glucocorticoids are released from A. Adrenal cortex B. Adrenal medulla C. Hippocampuses D. Pathogens
A.
H pylori infection alone is insufficient to produce Gastric Ulcers A. True B. False
A.
In a standard fear-conditioning experiment, the subject is presented with __________________ and then receives exposure to a footshock. A. an auditory conditional stimulus B. a visual unconditional stimulus C. an auditory unconditional response D. access to food
A.
In functional brain-imaging studies, emotional situations typically produce A. widespread increases of cerebral activity, not just in the amygdalae and prefrontal cortex. B. increases in cerebral activity that are largely restricted to the amygdalae and prefrontal cortex. C. increases in cerebral activity that are largely restricted to the amygdalae. D. increases in cerebral activity that are largely restricted to the prefrontal cortex.
A.
In human males, aggressive behavior does not increase at puberty as testosterone levels in the blood increase A. True B. False
A.
It is not more reasonable to think of most, if not all, medical disorders has psychosomatic A. True B. False
A.
James lange theory says that diffferent emotional stimuli induce different of ____ activity and these different patterns produce different emotional experiences A. Autonomic B. Sympathetic C. Skeletal D. Peripheral
A.
Kluver Bucy Syndrome's test subjects were A. Monkeys B. Squid C. Babies D. Horseshoe Crabs
A.
Microglia A. Phagocytes specific to the CNS B. Leukocytes that are specific to the CNS C. Phagocytes specific to the ANS D. Leukocytes specific to the ANS
A.
No brain structure has been invariably linked to a particular emotion A. True B. False
A.
Not all neurons in the area perform the same function A. true B. false
A.
Not the entire amgydala is involved in acquisition, storage and expression of conditioned fear A. True B. False
A.
Numerous studies have reported ___ correlations bw stress and ill health in humans A. positive B. negative C. no D. none of the above
A.
People of different cultures make different facial expressions A. False B. True
A.
Per valence model, right hemisphere is specialized for processing ____ emotion A. Negative B. Positive C. Neutral D. All of the above
A.
Phagocytes displays the microorganisms antigens on the surface of its cells membrane and attract A. T cells B. B cells C. G Cells D. L cells
A.
Playing with a gun increased tesosterone levels of male college students A. True B. False
A.
Polygraphy deploys the A. Autonomic Nervous System B. Sympathetic Nervous System C. Skeletal Nervous System D. Peripheral Nervous System
A.
Rats w literal septal lesions do not initiate more attacks, but they are hyper defensive when threatened A. True B. False
A.
Reexperiencing related patterns of motor, autonomic, and sensory neural activity during emotional experiences is generally referred to as the A. embodiment of emotions. B. basis of emotions. C. interrelatedness of emotions. D. complexity of emotions.
A.
Sham rage can occur in cats if the ____ has been removed A. Cerebral hemispheres B. Hypothalamus C. Cortex D. Thalamus
A.
Sham rage was first observed in A. decorticate cats. B. wild rats. C. monkeys with no limbic system. D. Papez's circuit.
A.
Stressors activate the sympathetic nervous system thereby increasing the amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from the _______ A. Adrenal Medulla B. Anterior pituitary C. Occipital lobe D. Hypothalmus
A.
The autonomic and somatic feedback is not necessary for the experience of emotion A. True B. False
A.
The case of SP is simlar to A. Urbach Wiethe Disease B. Parkinson's Disease C. Huntington's Disease D. Epilepsy
A.
The effects of stress can be induced by A. Corticosterone B. Adrenalectomy C. Adrenaline D. stressors
A.
The process by which benign contexts come to elicit fear through their association with fear-inducing stimuli is called _________________ and requires intact _____________. A. contextual fear conditioning; hippocampi B. environmental fear conditioning; hippocampi C. contextual fear conditioning; amygdalae D. environmental fear conditioning; amygdalae
A.
The valence model proposes that the right hemisphere is specialized for processing __________________ and the left hemisphere is specialized for processing _______________. A. negative emotion; positive emotion B. fear conditioning to a tone; contextual fear conditioning C. positive emotion; negative emotion D. facial expressions of emotion; empathy
A.
There is evidence that not all emotions are associated w the same pattern of ANS activity and there is no evidence that each emotion is characterized by a distinct pattern of ANS activity A. True B. False
A.
To use the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher must know a fact about the crime that could only be known by the A. guilty party. B. judge. C. defense lawyer. D. aggrieved party.
A.
Virtually all mammals (particularly males) experience threats from conspecifics A. True B. False
A.
What induces subordination stress in members of our species A. Bullying B. Adrenal glands C. Stressors D. dominance
A.
When an alpha male rat attacks a submissive male intruder, he A.moves sideways toward the intruder with a lateral attack. B. moves directly toward the intruder with a face-forward attack. C. directs his attack at the intruder's face. D. directs his attack at the tip of the intruder's tail.
A.
Whose name is most associated with tamping irons? A. Gage B. Klüver C. Duchenne D. Selye
A.
Zygomaticus Major A. Can be controlled voluntarily B. Contracted by genuine pleasure C. All of the above D. None of the above
A.
anti-body mediated immunity begins when A. B cells binds to foreign antigen which contain correct receptor B. T cells binds to foreign antigen which contain correct receptor C. L cells binds to foreign antigen which contain correct receptor D. G cells binds to foreign antigen which contain correct receptor
A.
______ and _____ play major roles in perception and experience of human emotions
A. Amydalae and Thalamus B. Amydalae and Hypothalmus C. Amydalae and Hippocampus D. Amydalae and Medial prefrontal cortex
Neurons in emotional processing appear to be ______ distributed in the human _____ lobes
A. Narrow and large; temporal lobes B. Narrow and Large; medial prefrontal lobes C. Sparse and widely; temporal loves D. Sparse and widely; medial prefrontal lobes
Organizational and activation effects have been present In mammalian species A. true B. false
A/
What is included in the limbic system (acronym)?
Alison, moved, her, couch for, seasonal, oranges (and), Hippos
Blanchard and Blanchard studied
Alpha males
gastric uclers can be caused by
Asprin
orbicularis oculi A. Can be controlled voluntarily B. Contracted by genuine pleasure C. All of the above D. None of the above
B
Aggressive behavior is not eliminated by Castration A. False B. True
B.
All stressors produce ____ core pattern(s) of physiological changes, whether physiological or physical A. Different B. Same C. Complex D. Simple
B.
Antibody-mediated immunity is directed by A. T cells B. B cells C. G Cells D. L cells
B.
Bilateral lesions to the auditory cortex A. Block fear conditioning to a tone B. Don't block C. None of the above D. Both block and unblocks
B.
Both _________ and _____ project to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala A. Thalamus and Striate B. Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus C. Thalamus and Hypothalamus D. Prefrontal cortex and Striate
B.
Cannon Bard theory claims that all emotional stimuli produce the same general pattern of _______ activation which prepares the organism for action A. Autonomic B. Sympathetic C. Skeletal D. Peripheral
B.
Cats that played with mice before injection A. Played w them after injection B. Killed them after injection C. All of the above D. None of the above
B.
Cytokines are produced by A. cells of immune system B. cells of nervous system C. cells of innate immune system D. cells of adaptive immune syste,
B.
Duchenne smile but not a false smile involves the appropriate contraction of the A. Zygoblicus Major B. Obicularis Oculi C. Zygobiculus Oculi D. Obicularis
B.
For auditory conditioning to occur the tone has to reach the auditory cortex A. True B. False
B.
Human patients whose autonomic and somatic feedback has been largely eliminated by a broken neck are capable of a full range of emotional experiences A. False B. True
B.
Improvements in the immune function following acute stress occur mainly in A. Adaptive immune system B. Innate immune system C. Immune system D. distress
B.
In most people facial expressions begin on A. Right side B. Left side C. Neither side D. Both sides
B.
In studies that use _____________________, participants are directed to inhibit their emotional reactions to unpleasant films or pictures. In studies that use _________________, participants are instructed to reinterpret a picture to change their emotional reaction to it. A. reappraisal paradigms; suppression paradigms B. suppression paradigms; reappraisal paradigms C. reinterpretation paradigms; inhibition paradigms D. inhibition paradigms; reinterpretation paradigms
B.
Innate immune system is the ____ to react A. Last B. First
B.
It was found that stressors produce an increase in blood levels of A. G proteins B. Cytokines C. Glucose D. Rhodopisn
B.
James Lange and cannon bard prediction about the role of feedback from ________ nervous system A. Skeletal and Peripheral B. Autonomic and Somatic C. Somatic and Peripheral D. Skeletal and Autnomic
B.
Kawaski and Colleagues used microelectrodes to record from 267 neurons in A. Interior geniculate nuclei B. Anterior cingulate cortices C. Prefrontal Cortex D. Striate Nuclei
B.
Kluver Bucy was shown additionally in A. Horseshoe Crabs B. Snakes C. Squids D. Rats
B.
Lateral septal lesions do not increase agression A. False B. True
B.
Lesions to the medial geniculate or the ___________ block conventional auditory fear conditioning. A. hippocampus B. amygdala C. lateral geniculate nucleus D. septum
B.
Memory B cells are produced A. After Lymphocytes B. During the process of when Antibodies are produced C. After the destruction of the antibody D. None of the above
B.
Most lines of stress research begin with ______ involving nonhumans before moving to A. Correlational studies of humans; controlled experiments B. Controlled experiments; correlational studies of humans C. Controlled groups; Experimental group D. None of the above
B.
Most of the early research on stress was conducted with A. Humans B. Non-humans C. Brains D. Microscopes
B.
One factor that increases the susceptibility of the stomach wall to damage from Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) appears to be A. amygdalar tumors. B. stress. C. enlarged amygdalae. D. Urbach-Wiethe disease.
B.
One of the first reaction of the innate immune system invasion of pathogen is A. to attack B. Inflammation C. Bleaching D. Multyiplying
B.
Pellis and colleagues observation led to improved understanding of a aggressive and defensive behavior in A. Horseshoe Crabs B. Cats C. Squids D. Rats
B.
Per valence model, left hemisphere is specialized for processing ____ emotion A. Negative B. Positive C. Neutral D. All of the above
B.
Selye concluded that stressors stimulate the release of ______________________ from the anterior pituitary, which in turn triggers the release of ______________ from the adrenal cortex. A. cytokines; glucocorticoids B. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); glucocorticoids C. glucocorticoids; cytokines D. glucocorticoids; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
B.
Small pox has been largely eradicated by programs of vaccination w the weakened form of its largely benign relative A. chicken pox B. cow pox C. cat pox D. Poxid
B.
Social agression in many species occurs more in A. Females B. Males
B.
Stressor acting on neural circuits release adrenocorticotropic hormone from the ____________ A. Adrenal cortex B. Anterior pituitary C. Occipital lobe D. Hypothalmus
B.
Stressors increase the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the A. Adrenal cortex B. Adrenal medulla C. Hippocampuses D. Pathogens
B.
Testosterone increases _____ in rats A. Social defense B. Social agression C. Socialism D. growth
B.
The effects of stress can be blocked by A. Corticosterone B. Adrenalectomy C. Adrenaline D. stressors
B.
The later nucleus of the amygdala does what A. Combination, creation and Storage B. Acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear C. Combination, Expression of unconditioned fear and creation D. Storage, Combination and Acquisition
B.
The usual target site of a rat ____ attack is the face of the attacking rat A. Social B. Defensive C. Social-defensive D. none of the above
B.
There is only one kind of each T cell and only a few T cells w each kind of receptor A. False B. True
B.
Urbach Wiethe Disease calcification A. Hardening to Postassium Carbonate B. Hardening to Calcium Carbonate C. Hardening to Sodium Carbon D. Hardening to Potassium Carbon
B.
What is the best way to measure to testosterone? A. Blood level B. Testosterone levels in the brain C. Sperm count D. All of the above
B.
When a small intruder rat defends itself against the alpha male of the colony, it directs its defensive attacks at the A. base of the alpha's tail. B. alpha's face. C. tip of the alpha's tail. D. alpha's ears.
B.
When conspecific threat becomes an enduring feature of daily life, the result is A. enlarged amygdalae. B. subordination stress. C. hippocampal swelling. D. conspecific stress.
B.
______ is thought to control defensive behavior via outputs from the central nucleus of the amygdala A. Thalamus B. Amygdala C. Striate D. Hippocampus
B.
________ stress has been most frequently implicated in ill health A. Manic Stress B. Chronic psychological C. Stress D. Complex-mental
B.
development period during which early stress can adversely affect neural endocrine development begins ____ birth A. During B. Before C. After D. none of the above
B.
in the typical auditory fear-conditioning experiment, the ______ is a tone A. Pattern B. Conditional stimulus C. Unconditional stimulus D. Fear conditoning
B.
The _______________ concept is the idea that the aggressive and defensive behaviors of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own. A. aggressive maneuver B. attack-site C. target-site D. defensive maneuver
C
Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following, except A. the thymus gland B. bone marrow C. lymphatic nodules. D. lymph node organs. E. lymphatic system F. the brain.
C, D, F
A genuine smile involves activation of the ___________________ and is known as the ______________ smile. A. orbicularis oculi; Ekman B. zygomaticus major; Ekman C. orbicularis oculi; Duchenne D. orbicularis major; Duchenne
C.
Agression Is largely abolished by A. Medicine B. Therapy C. Castration D. Death
C.
Better animal models of stress involve the study of social threat from A. Prey B. Predators C. Conspecifics D. Genomes
C.
Emotional functions are A. Emotional B. Horizontal C. Lateralized D. Functional
C.
Evidence has been accumulating that the _________________ is critically involved in the acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear. A. medial geniculate nucleus of the amygdala B. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus C. lateral nucleus of the amygdala D. lateral nucleus of the hippocampus
C.
Hans Selye first described the stress response in the 1950s, and he emphasized its dual nature. In the short term, it produces __________ that help the animal respond to the stressor, however, it produces changes that are maladaptive. A. Maladaptive changes B. Fear C. Adaptive changes D. Stress
C.
In rats, bilateral lesions to the __________________ block fear conditioning to a tone, but bilateral lesions to the _______________ do not. A. lateral geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex B. auditory cortex; amygdala C. medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex D. amygdala; medial geniculate nucleus
C.
In some species, castration has ___________ effect on social aggression; in still others, castration ____________ social aggression during the breeding season but not at other times. A. no; increases B. a large; decreases C. no; decreases D. a small; increases
C.
In the Kawasaki and colleagues experiment of the 267 neurons _____ responded most strongly and consistently to negative emotional content A. 85 B. 94 C. 56 D. 43
C.
In the classic study of the guilty knowledge technique ____ percent of mock criminal were correctly identified A. 79% B. 65% C. 88% D. 43%
C.
Pellis and colleagues (1988) showed that different cats react to mice in different ways: Some are efficient mouse _____________, some react defensively, and some seem to ______________. A. catchers; just eat the mice B. players; cuddle the mice C. killers; play with the mice D. killers; sniff the mice
C.
Selye attributed the stress response to the activation of the _____ A. Prefrontal cortex B. Medial Prefrontal Cortex C. Anterior Pituitary adrenal cortex D. Anterior Prefrontal Cortex
C.
Some studies have found that violent male criminals and aggressive male athletes tend to have higher testosterone levels than normal; however, this does not necessarily mean that testosterone _________ aggression. A. redirects B. is correlated with C. causes D. inhibits
C.
Stress has been shown to reduce adult neurogenesis in the A. Adrenal cortex B. Adrenal medulla C. Hippocampuses D. Pathogens
C.
T and B cells have receptors for A. lymphocytes B. phagocytes C. glucorticoids D. epinephrine
C.
The ________________________ syndrome includes the following behaviors: the consumption of almost anything that is edible, increased sexual activity often directed at inappropriate objects, a tendency to repeatedly investigate familiar objects, a tendency to investigate objects with the mouth, and a lack of fear. A. sham rage B. Darwinian antithesis C. Klüver-Bucy D. septal damage
C.
The effects of stress on the hippocampus appear to be mediated by elevated glucocorticoid levels: Stress effects can be induced by ______________ and blocked by ______________. A. adrenalectomy; glucocorticoid receptor agonists B. glucocorticoid receptor antagonists; adrenalectomy C. corticosterone; adrenalectomy D. adrenalectomy; corticosterone
C.
The most commonly used measure of stress is A. the release of glucocorticoids from the pituitary. B. heart rate. C. the circulating levels of glucocorticoids. D. blood pressure.
C.
The prefrontal cortex is though to act on the_____ of the amygdala to inhibit conditioned fear A. Hippocampus B. Thalmus C. Lateral Nucleus D. Medial Geniculate nucleus
C.
The same asymmetry of facial expressions has been documented in A. Cows B. Rats C. Monkeys D. Apes
C.
The same emotional stimuli often activate _____ areas in different people A. same B. parallel C. different D. lateral
C.
The view of gastric ulcers as the prototypical psychosomatic disorder changed with the discovery that it is caused by A. Viral infection B. Fungi C. Bacteria D. Asprin
C.
What factor increases the susceptibility of the H pylori damaging the stomach wall A. Asprin B. Infections C. Stress D. Bullying
C.
What lobes are active when both reappraisal and supression paradigms are used? A. temporal lobes B. Occipital lobes C. Medial Prefrontal lobes D. Parietal lobes
C.
When a conspecific threat is a continuous feature of daily life, it produces __________ stress A. Abomination B. Dominant C. Subordination D. Opressive
C.
Which of the following theories is the oldest? A. Urbach-Wiethe theory B. Cannon-Bard theory C. James-Lange theory D. Kluver-Bucy theory
C.
in humans, most violent outbursts that are labeled as aggression are more appropriately viewed as A. Social attacks B. Puberty C. Defensive attacks D. None of the above
C.
Auditory fear conditioning to simple tones depends on a pathway from the ____ to the amygdala A. Hippocampus B. Thalmus C. Lateral Nucleus D. Medial Geniculate nucleus
D
According to James Lange theory the emotional experience...? A. Depends entirely on feedback from autonomic and somatic nervous system activity B. Is totally independent of such feedback C. These proved to be incorrect D. A and C E. B and C
D.
Antibodies are released where after B cell multiplication? A. In blood stream B. in body cells C. in nucleus D. in intracellular fluid
D.
Between the amygdala and the fornix in the limbic system is the ____ A. Thalamus B. Orbiculairs Oculi C. Striate D. Hippocampus E. Prefrontal Cortex
D.
Blanchard and Blanchard test subjects? A. Horseshoe Crabs B. Snakes C. Squids D. Rats
D.
Cytokines cause A. Parkinson's and colds B. The flu and fever C. Fever and Huntington's disease D. Inflammation and fever
D.
In most primates most of the symptoms of the Kluver Bucy syndrome result from damage to the A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Geniculate Nuclei D. Amygdala
D.
In order to use the ___________________, the polygrapher must have a piece of information concerning the crime that would be known only to the guilty person. A. lie detector technique B. prior knowledge technique C. guilty information technique D. guilty-knowledge technique
D.
Lymphocytes have receptors for A. Glucocotricoids B. Nonrepinephrine C. Epinephrine D. All of the above E. None of the abve
D.
Main cells of the adaptive immune system are specialized _____ called ___ A. Phagocytes, phagocytosis B. Antibodies, T Cells C. Antibodies, B Cells D. Leukocytes, lymphocytes
D.
Microexpressions last about ___ seconds A. 0.08 B. 0.07 C. 0.06 D. 0.05
D.
Patients with Urbach-Wiethe disease have particular problems identifying A. conditional stimuli. B. people from other cultures. C. colors. D. facial expressions of fear.
D.
Sham rage cannot occur if ____ has been removed A. Cerebral hemispheres B. Thalamus C. Cortex D. Hypothalamus
D.
Stress responses are _____ and ____ depending on the stressor A. Simple and parallel B. Simple and varied C. Complex and parallel D. Complex and varied
D.
Stressor acting on neural circuits release ______ from the anterior pituitary A. Glucocortoroids B. Adrenaline C. Glucose D. Adrenocorticotropic Hormones
D.
T cells and B cells are A. antibodies. B. antigens. C. phagocytes. D. lymphocytes.
D.
The B cell multiplies after binding to foreign antigen and synthesizes a lethal form of its receptor molecules known as A. Pathogens B. Lymphocytes C. T-Inavders D. Antibodies
D.
The amygdala is thought to control defensive behavior via outputs from the A. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. B. medial geniculate nucleus of the amygdala. C. lateral nucleus of the amygdala. D. central nucleus of the amygdala.
D.
The colony-intruder model of aggression and defense has yielded rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggressive and defensive behaviors by studying the interactions between the _____________ of an established mixed-sex colony and a small ____________. A. dominant female; female intruder B. dominant female; rat pup C. beta male; male intruder D. alpha male; male intruder
D.
The establishing of a rear response to a previous neutral stimulus, such as a tone is accomplished by fear ___ A. Stimulus B. Labels C. Patterns D. Conditioning
D.
The innate immune system is triggered by A. G proteins B. Leukocyte receptor C. Phagocyte receptors D. Toll-like receptors
D.
Urbach Wiethe disease is calcification of A. Prefrontal Cortex B. Thalamus C. Hypothalamus D. Amygdala
D.
What are the 2 classes of lymphocytes? A. G Cells and A cells B. F cells and K cells C. R cells and L cells D. B cells and T cells
D.
What was the first medical disorder to be classified as psychosomatic? A. Asthma B. heat disease C. Liver cancer D. Gastric Ulcer
D.
When trying to fake a smile, the muscles around the _________ are the most difficult to get just right. A. lips B. mouth C. chin D. eyes
D.
_____ helps with recognition of fearful facial expressions A. Prefrontal Cortex B. Thalamus C. Hypothalamus D. Amygdala
D.
_____ is Thought to interact w that part of the amygdala to mediate learning about the context of fear-related events A. Thalamus B. Prefrontal Cortex C. Hypothalamus D. Hippocampus
D.
___________________ is a genetic disorder that often results in calcification of the amygdala and surrounding anterior medial-temporal-lobe structures in both hemispheres. A. Klüver-Bucy syndrome B. Huntington's disease C. Prader-Willi syndrome D. Urbach-Wiethe disease
D.
patients w damage to amygdala suggests a specific role in A. Anger B. Surprise C. Sadness D. Fear
D.
H pylori
Danges stomach wall
The most widely studied difference between a genuine and false facial expression was described by
Duchenne
Fear conditioning
Establishment of fear in response to a previously neutral stimulus (conditioned) by presenting it several times before the delivery of an aversive stimulus (unconditioned stimulus)
The adaptive immune system A. is slower, immune reactions take longer to be manifested B. Is faster, takes immune reactions a shorter time to be manifested C. it reacts to specific antigens D. has a memory; once it reacts to a particular pathogen, it reacts more effectively against that same pathogen E. All of the above F. A, C, D G. B, C, D
F.
auditory fear conditioning
Fear conditioning that uses a sound as a conditional stimulus
The average success rate In various mock-crime studies using the control question technique is A. 20% B. 30% C. 40% D. 50% E. 60% F. 70% G.80%
G.
Which bacteria causes gastric ulcers
Helicobacter Pylori
First psychological theory of emotion
James Lange
In 1952 Papez's theory was revised by Paul Maclean and became known as
Limbic system theory of emotion
Polygraph detects ANS Activity not lies A. False B. True
N/
Evolution of threat displays
Originally facing an enemy, rising up and exposing one's weapons were the components of the early stages of combat. Then enemies began to recognize these behaviors as signals of impending aggressions, a survival advantage accrued to attackers that could communicate their agression most effectively and intimidate their victims w/out actually fighting key: elaborate threat displays evolved and actual combat declined
Amygdalae
Plays role in evaluating the emotional significance of situations
______ Thought to act on the lateral nucleus of the amygdala to suppress conditioned fear
Prefrontal cortex
Embodiment of emotions
Reexperiencing related patterns of motor, autonomic, and sensory neural activity during emotional experiences
Eustress
Stress that improves health or other aspects of functioning
The behavior of a socially agressive rat (lateral attack) appears to be designed to deliver bites to defending rat's back and to protects its own face, the likely target of a defensive attack
Target Site concept
Phineas gage
Vermont railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that changed his personality and behavio
Mock Crime Procedure
Volunteers participate in a mock crime and are then subjected to a polygraph test by an examiner who is unaware of their "guilt" or "innocence"
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
a behavioral disorder(Lack of fear and hyper-sexuality) that is induced in primates by bilateral damage to the anterior temporal lobes
bullying
a chronic social threat that induces subordination stress in members of our species
Limbic system
a collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts that ring the thalamus
Duchenne Smile
a genuine smile that involves contraction of facial muscles orbicularis oculi
Cytokines
a group of peptide hormones that are released by many cells and participate in a variety of physiological and immunological responses causing inflammation and fever
The end result of the cohen and colleagues study
a higher proportion of those participants who scored highly on the stress scales developed colds
control-question technique
a lie-detection interrogation method in which the polygrapher compares the physiological responses to target questions with the responses to control questions
Guilty knowledge technique
a lie-detection method in which the polygrapher records autonomic nervous system responses to a list of control and crime-related information known only to the guilty person and the examiner
Cells mediated immune reaction begins when
a phagocyte ingests a foreign microorganism
Long term cytokine release is associated with
a variety of adverse health consequences
children subjected to maltreatment or other forms of severe stress display
a variety of brain and endocrine system abnormalities
In the kawaski and colleagues experiment they assessed
activity of the neurons when the patients viewed photos w emotional content
Vaccination
administering a weakened form of a virus so that if the virus later invades, the adaptive immune system is prepared to deal w it
Stress in mothers
aggravates asthmatic symptoms in their children and vice versa
Right hemisphere model of cerebral lateralization hold that the right hemisphere is specialized for
all aspects of emotional processing: perception, expression and experience of emotion
Kawaski and Colleagues made the point that
all medial prefrontal cortex are large and complex and likely performs many functions
Amygdala aka
amygdala complex
What is included in the limbic system
amygdala, mammillary body, hippocampus, cortex of the cingulate, fornix, septum, olfactory bulb, and hippocampus
Stress produces wide spread changes in the body thru its effects on the
anterior pituitary adrenal cortex system and the sympathetic nervous system adrenal medulla system
Most modern roles of stress acknowledge the roles of both the ________ and ________
anterior pituitary adrenal cortex system; the sympathetic nervous system adrenal medulla system
Kluver and Bucy was shown in monkeys that had their
anterior temporal lobes removed
B cells
antibody-mediated immunity, lymphocytes that manufacture antibodies against antigens they encounter
In Darwin's book, Expression of Emotions and Animals, what example did he use for signaling aggression
antithesis of dogs (by staring and averting their gaze)
Adaptive immune system did what first?
appear in early vertebrates
Prefrontal Cortex
areas of frontal cortex that are anterior to the frontal motor areas
Ledoux and his colleagues began their search for neural mechanisms of
auditory fear conditioning by making lesions in the auditory pathways of rats
James and Lange argued that
autonomic activity and behavior are triggered by the emotional event (Ex: Rapid heartbeat and running away) produce the feeling of emotion not vice versa
Signals of agression and submission must
be clearly distinguishable, thus, tend to evolve in opposite directions
Example of amygdala activating appropriate circuits
behavioral circuits in the periaquediuctal gray and sympathetic circuits in the hypothalamus
Agressive behaviors
behaviors whose primary function Is to threaten or harm
defensive behaviors
behaviors whose primary function is protection from threat or harm
Monkey's that could not be handled before surgery were transformed by
bilateral anterior temporal lobectomy into tame subjects that showed now fear
Ledoux and collegues found out that
bilateral lesions to medial geniculate neucleus blocked fear conditioning to a tone, but bilateral lesions to auditory cortex did not
When antibodies are released into intracellular fluid they
bind to foreign antigens and destroy or deactivate the microorganisms that possess them
lesions of the amygdala, like lesions to the medial geniculate nucleus
block auditory fear conditioning
Bilateral Hippocampus lesions
block the subsequent development of a fear response without blocking the development of a fear response to the elicit conditional stimulus
When they percieve signs of infection in others
bodies are primed to respond more aggressively to infections
Gage's brain affected
both medial prefrontal lobes
Early exposure to severe stress
can have adverse effects on subsequent development
Autonomic and somatic responses to emotional stimuli
can influence emotional experience
Behavior of a stressed or ill person
can produce stress and ilness in others
T cells
cell mediated immunity, lymphocytes that bind to foreign microorganisms and cells that contain them, in doing do detroy them
many neuropeptides that are released by neurons are released by
cells of the immune system
Phagocytes
cells that engulf and destroy pathogens to the infected area
One of the first partially controlled studies demonstrating stress induced increases in the susceptibility of humans to infectious diseases was conducted by
cohen and colleagues
Declines in some aspects of immune function may induce
compensatory increases in others
The reaction of the innate immune system includes
complex, but general array of chemical and cellular reactions
Guilty Knowledge Technique aka
concealed information tests
If one pathway of medial geniculate nucleus to the amygdala is destroyed
conditioning progresses normally
Symptoms of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
consumption of almost anything that is edible, increased sexual activity directed at inappropriate objects, a tendency to repeatedly investigate familiar objects w the mouth, and a lack of fear
Why is the causal link b.w stress and susceptibility to infectious disease in humans so persuasive
correlational studies have show the correlation, controlled experience w lab animals show that stress can increase susceptibility, controlled studies of humans have added to the weight
Which route is capable of mandating fear conditioning to complex sounds
cortical
Main conclusion for Wager and Colleagues
current theories of lateralization of emotion are too general from a neuroanatomical perspective and overall comparison b/w L and R hemispheres revealed no inter-hemispheric differences in either amount fo emotion processing or the valence of the emotions processed
Stressors trigger
cytokines
Phagocytosis
destruction of pathogens by phagocytes
Unhandled rat pups that received a lot of grooming from their mothers received a lot of grooming from their mothers
developed the same profile of less glutococorticoid
What can influence immune function?
diet, exercise, sleep and drug use
The relationship between agression and testosterone levels is
difficult to interpret because engaging in aggressive activity can increase testosterone levels
Patients with Urbach Wiethe disease sometimes have
difficulty recognizing other complex visual stimuli
what stimulated the focused interest of the adaptive immune system
discovery of the role of cytokines in the innate immune system
Pathogens
disease causing agents
The immune system has many redundant components so
disruption of one of them may have little or no effect on vulnerability to infection
Subordination stress is most readily studied in social species that form
dominance hierarchies
Hans Selye described the stress response and emphasized it's
dual nature
Segerstrom and Millers found that
effects of stress on immune function depended on the kind of stress
Rats that are separated from their mothers in infancy display
elevated behavioral and hormonal responses to stress as adults
Amygdala Pathways to periqueductal gray of midbrain
elicits appropriate defense responses
Amydgala pathways to lateral hypothalamus
elicits appropriate sympathetic responses
Fear
emotional reaction to threat; motivating force for defensive behaviors
Functional brain imaging studies have found evidence of activity in the medial prefrontal lobes when
emotional reactions are being cognitively suppressed or re-evaluated
According to Bipsychological view
emotional response-- the perception of the emotion inducing stimulus, the autonomic and somatic responses to the stimulus, and the experience of emotion-- can influence
The amygdala assess the
emotional significance of the sound on the basis of previous encounters w it, and activated appropriate response circuits
Many studies of medial prefrontal lobe activity
employ suppression paradigms or reappraisal paradigms
Orbicularis Oculi
encircles the eye and pulls the skin from the cheeks and forehead toward the eyeball
_______, in which fear inducing stimuli are encountered can come to elicit fear
environments or contexts
If you repeatedly encountered a bear on a particular trail in the forest, the trail itself illicit fear
example of enviornment/context inducing fear
When both paradigms are used, medial prefrontal lobes are active, they
exert their cognitive control of emotion by interacting w the amygdala
Stressors
experiences that induce the stress response
Papez proposed that emotional states are
expressed through the action of other structures of the circuit on the hypothalamus and they are experienced their action on the cortex
Hypothalamus is critical for
expression of aggressive responses and
Darwin believed _____ are products of evolution
expressions of emotions like other behaviors
Early stress research on nonhumans tended to involve
extreme forms of stress such as repeated exposure to electric shock or long periods of physical restraint
Innate immune system
first component of the immune system to react--m reacts quickly and generally near points of entry of pathogens
Hans Selye
first describe the stress response in the 1950s
Toll like receptors were discovered in
fruit flies
Example of signals and agression and submission contrasting each other
gulls agression= pointing beaks at one another gulls submission= pointing beaks away
Since facial expression begin on the left side, the right hemisphere
has dominance for facial expressions
Memory B cells
have a long life and accelerate antibody-mediated immunity if there is a subsequent infection by same micororagnism
A few studies have found the violent male criminal and aggressive male athletes
have higher testosterone levels than normal
Cytokines promote
healing of damaged tissue once pathogens are destoryed
Short term cytokine induced inflammatory responses
help body combat infection
behavioral immune system
humans are motivated to avoid contact with individuals who are displaying symptoms of illness.
Conventional fear conditioning procedure
if a rat repeatedly receives an electric shock following a conditional stimulus such as a tine, the rat will become fearful of the conditional context (test chamber) as well as the tone
Brief stressors lead to
improvements in immune function
1st major event in the study of biopsychology of emotion
in 1872 publication of Darwin's book the expression of emotions in Man and Animals
Agressive responses do decorticate animals are abnormal in which way(s)
inappropriately severe, and they are not directed at particular targets
Pellis and colleagues found that giving cats an antianxiety drug tended
increase efficiency of mouse killing
Early exposure to stress ____ the intensity of subsequent stress responses
increases
Stressors activate the sympathetic nervous system thereby
increasing the amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from the adrenal medulla
neonatal castration of male mice eliminates the ability of testosterone injections to
induce social aggression in adulthood
What line(s) of defense are met with microorganisms breach the surface barriers
innate immune system and the adaptive immune system
medial prefrontal lobes
involved in planning decision making and emotion
the major feature of Selye's landmark theory
is its assertion that both physical and psychological stressors induce the same general stress response
For auditory conditioning to occur
it is necessary for signals elicited by the tone to reach the medial geniculate nucleus
Stressors are complex and varied with the exact response depending on the stressor,
its timing, the nature of the stressed person, how the stressed person reacts to the stressor
Decorticate
lacking cortex
Functional Brain imaging studies of emotion have observed
lateralization in the amygdalae-- more activity is often observed in the L amygdala
The assumption of the usage of control question technique is
lying will be associated with greater sympathetic activation
Cytokines are now classified with adrenal hormones as
major stress hormones
Glucorticoids produce
many components of the stress response
Stress produced changes in immune function
may be too short lived to have substantial effects on the probability of infection
psychosomatic disorders
medical disorders in which psychological factors play a causal role
Conspefics
member of the same species
Polygraphy
method of interrogation that employs ANS indexes of emotion to infer the truthfulness of a person's responses
Kawaski and Collegues used
micro-electrodes to record from 267 neurons in the anterior cingulate cortices of four patients prior to surgery
Failure to find unqualified support for either James-Lange or the Cannon Bard theory led to
modern biopsychological view
Medial prefrontal lobes have been hypthesized to
monitor the difference b/w outcome and expectancy, to encode stimulus value over time, to predict the likelihood of error, to mediate the conscious awareness of emotional stimuli and to mediate social decision making
The level of circulating glucocortiorids is
most commonly employed physiological measure of stress
Once a T cells receptor for foreign antigen binds to surface of an infected macrophage a series of reactions are initiated. Among the reaction is
multiplication of the bound T cell, creating more T cells w the specific receptor necessary to destroy all invaders that contain target antigens and all body cells that have been infected by the inavders
Study of neural basis of emotions has been limited b/c
neuroscientisist have often been guided by unsubstantiated cultural assumptions about emotions (fear, happiness, anger).. and scientist search for them
Responses to extreme stress tend to mask
normal variations in the stress response, and it is difficult to relate the results of such studies to common human stressors
Another approach to studying the lateralization of emotions is
observing asymmetry of facial expressions
Amygdala is composed of
of a dozen or major nuclei that are divided into subnuclei
the reason for susceptibility may be because
of the dense population of glucorticoid receptors in the hippocampus
What type of receptors are are on T cells surface?
one for molecules that are found on the surface of Phagocytes and one for a specific foreign antigen
Why is it difficult to prove that stress causes increases in susceptibility to infectious diseases
only correlational studies are possible
principle of antithesis
opposite social messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures.
Early separation of rat pups from their mothers sees to have effects
opposite to those that result from high levels of early grooming
Social agression in many species occurs more in males is explained with reference to
organization and activation effects of testerosterone
Brief period of testosterone release that occurs around birth in genetic males is though to
organize their nervous systems along masculine lines hence creating the potential male patterns of social agression to be activated by high testosterone levels that are present after puberty
facial feedback hypothesis
our facial expressions influence the emotions we feel
Most seemingly aggressive outbursts in humans are
overreactions to real or perceived threat and viewed as a defensive attack instead of social aggression
Gastric ulcers
painful lesions to the lining of the stomach and duodenum, which in extreme cases can be life-threatening
suppression paradigms
participants are directed to inhibit their emotional reactions to unpleasant films or pictures
reappraisal paradigms
participants are instructed to reinterpret a picture to change their emotional reaction to it
In the cohen and colleagues study
participants randomly received saline nasal drops that contained a respiratory virus or saline. Then they were quaretined.
In The expression of emotions in man animals, Darwin argued
particular emotional responses such as human facial expressions tend to accompany the same emotional states in all members of a species
The Hippocampus
particularly susceptible to stress induced effects
Gastric ulcers occur more commonly in
people living in stressful situations and stressors can produce gastric ulcers in lab animals
Left and right cerebral hemispheres are specialized to
perform different emotional functions
thought to be one of the first immune reactions to evolved
phagocytosis
It was discovered that stessors produce
physiological reactions that participate in the body's inflammatory responses
Pathway from the medial geniculate nucleus to the amygdala
plays a key role in fear conditioning
Hippocampus
plays key role in memory for spatial location
indirect pathways from medial geniculate nucleus to amygdala
projects via auditory cortex
Surface barriers
protect the body from being overwhelmed
Immune system
protects the body against microorganisms
Interest in pathological effects of stress has increased as researchers have ID'd more
psychosomatic disorders
Zygomaticus Major
pulls lips corners up
Cohen and colleagues utlilized
questionnaries
Liu and colleagues found that
rat pups are groomed more by their mothers and they hypothesized that the salutary effects of the early handling resulted from the extra grooming, rather than from the handling itself
Amygdala
receives input from all sensory systems; the structure where emotional significance of sensory details is learned and retained
Toll like receptors
receptors found in the cell membrane of many cells of the innate immune system; they trigger phagocytosis and inflammatory responses; bind to molecules on the surface or when injured cells send out alarm signals
stress has been shown to
reduce dendritic branching in the hippocampus, reduce adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus, modify structure of hippocampus synapses, disrupt the performance of hippocampus dependent tasks
Decorticate cats
respond aggressively to the slightest provocation -- after light touch, they arch their backs, erect their hair, growl, hiss and expose their teeth
The media portion of pre frontal lobes (including medial portions of the orbitiofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex)
site of emotion cognition interaction that have received the most attention
As adult rats that had been handled as pups displayed
smaller increases in circulating glucorticoroids
Ducheene stated that
smile of enjoyment could be distinguished from deliberately produced smiles by consideration of the 2 facial muscles that are contracted during genuine smiles: Orbicularis Oculi, which encircles the eye and pulls the skin from the cheeks and forehead toward the eyeball, and zygomaticus major which pulls the lip corners up
Mechanisms that protect invasions thru bodily openings
sneezing, coughing, tears, mucous
Adult castration in mice eliminates the eliminates
social agression in male mice that do not receive testosterone and agression
Valence model proposes that the right hemisphere is
specialized for processing negative emotion and the left hemisphere is specialized from processing positive emotion
Subordination stress
stress experienced by animals, typically males, that are continually attacked by higher-ranking conspecifics
Distress
stress that disrupts health or other aspects of functioning
Analysis of aggressive and defensive behaviors has led to
target site concept
Cannon Bard theory
that emotional experience and emotional expression are parallel processes that have no direct causal relation; they excite both the feeling of emotion in the brain and the expression of emotion in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems
In 1937, Papez proposed
that emotional expression is controlled by several interconnected nuclei and tracts that ring the thalamus
adaptive immune system
the division of the immune system that mounts targeted attacks on foreign pathogens by binding to antigens in their cell membranes
Alpha male
the dominant male of a colony
Sham Rage
the exaggerated, poorly directed aggressive responses of decorticate animals
Target Site concept
the idea that the aggressive and defensive behaviors of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own
What gives vaccination their prophylatic effect
the memory of the adaptive immune system
lateral nucleus of the amygdala
the nucleus of the amygdala that plays the major role in the acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear
Contextual fear conditioning
the process by which benign contexts come to elicit fear through their association with fear-inducing stimuli
Immunization
the process of creating immunity through vaccination
Inflammation is triggered by
the release of chemicals from damaged cells
Psyconeuroimmuniology
the study of interactions among psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system
James Lange theory
the theory that emotion inducing sensory stimuli are received and interpreted by the cortex which triggers visceral organs via the autonomic nervous system and in the skeletal muscles via the somatic nervous system. Autonomic and somatic responses trigger the experience of emotion in the brain
The Case of SP
the woman who could not perceive fear; had right amygdala and adjacent tissues removed for epilepsy treatment
What happens to subordinate male rodents who are continuously attacked by more dominant males?
they are morel likely to attack juveniles, have smaller testes, shorter life spans, lower blood levels of testosterone and higher blood levels of glucocorticoroids