Chapter 17

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People may report more illness during time of stress because

they expect to be more ill, because their experience of illness during times of stress is more unpleasant or because the stress changed their behavior in ways that increased their susceptibility to infection

The cortex is critical for

to inhibit the expression of aggressive responses and to direct them

What are the categories of aggressive and defensive behaviors are based on what criteria

topography, the situations that elicit, and their apparent function

The specificity of ANS reaction lies between

total specificity and total generality

Cannon Bard Contrast James Lange theory how?

views emotional experience and emotional expression as parallel processes that have no direct causal relation

Microorganisms of evert description revel in

warm, damp, nurtritive climate of your body

In a study of women awaiting surgery for possible breast cancer, the levels of stress

were lower in those who had convinced themselves they could not possibly have cancer

Stress response

when the body is exposed to harm or threat, the result is a cluster of physiological changes aka (stress)

leukocytes

white blood cells

Pellis and Colleagues discovered

1. Cats don't play w their prey; the cats that appeared to be playing w the mice were simply vacillating b/w attach and defense. 2. One can best understand each cat's interaction w mice by locating the interactions on a linear scale w total aggressiveness at one end

How do you distinguish true expressions from false ones

1. Microexpressions (brief facial expressions) of real emotions break thru the false one 2. Subtle difference b/w genuine facial expressions and false one that can be detected by skilled observers

The role of the autonomic nervous system on emotion

1. degree to which specific patterns of ANS activity are associated with specific emotions and 2. the effectiveness of ANS measure in polygraphy

Darwin's theory of evolution of emotional expression

1. expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next 2. if the signals provided by such behaviors benefit the animal that displays them, they will evolve in ways that enhance their communication function and the OG function may be lost 3. Opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures-- Principles antithesis

Important qualifications to Ekman's theory

1. facial expressions rarely occur in pure form 2. existence of other primary emotions have been recognized 3. body cues play a role in expression of emotion 4. They may not be as universal

How has contextual fear conditioning been produced in the lab?

1. produced by conventional fear conditioning procedure 2. contextual fear conditioning has been Produced by delivering aversive stimuli in a particular context in the absence of any other conditional stimulus ; if a rat receives shocks in a distinctive test chamber the rat will become fearful of the chamber

What events helped clarify the relation between stress and immune function

1. segerstrom and Miller's metanalysis, which reviewed 300 previous studies of stress and immune function 2. discovery of bidrectional role played by the cytokines in the innate immune syste,

Problems with nonhuman stress research

1. unethical-- "over the top" 2. studies that use extreme and unnatural forms of stress are often of questionable scientific value

Darwin proposed the _________________, which suggests that opposite social messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures. A. principle of antithesis B. theory of natural selection C. Cannon of Darwin D. principle of opposites

Urbach-Wiethe disease

A genetic disorder that often results in the calcification of the amygdala and surrounding brain structures

According to the ____________________, emotional stimuli excite both the feeling of emotion in the brain and the expression of emotion in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. A. Cannon-Bard theory B. Klüver-Bucy theory C. Darwinian theory D. James-Lange theory

Adrenocorticotropic hormone trigger the release of _______ from the adrenal cortex A. Glucocortoroids B. Adrenaline C. Glucose D. Adrenocorticotropic Hormones

Adrenocorticotropic hormone trigger the release of glucocorti coids from the _____ A. Adrenal cortex B. Anterior pituitary C. Occipital lobe D. Hypothalmus

Aggression directed by the alpha male of a colony at a male intruder is called _____ aggression A. Social B. Defensive C. Social-Defensive D. None of the above

Aggressive behavior is not increased by testosterone injections that elevate blood levels of tesosterone A. True B. False

All brain areas activated by emotional stimuli are _____ during other psycholoigcal processes A. Actiavted B. Decreased C. Increased D. Deactivated

Bilateral lesions to medial geniculate nucleus A. Block fear conditioning to a tone B. Don't block C. None of the above D. Both block and unblocks

Castration reduces social agression during the breeding season but not at other times A. True B. False

Cats that avoided mice before injection A. Played w them after injection B. Killed them after injection C. All of the above D. None of the above

Cell-mediated immunity is directed by A. T cells B. B cells C. G Cells D. L cells

Cell-mediated immunity is directed by ____________, whereas antibody-mediated immunity is directed by __________. A. T cells; B cells B. leukocytes; phagocytes C. phagocytes; leukocytes D. B cells; T cells

Chronic stressors _____ affect the ____ system A. Adversely; adaptive immune B. Adversely; innate immune C. Positively; adaptive immine D. Adversely; innate immune

Cytokines attract A. leukocytes and phagocytes B. Rhodopsin and G proteins C. Orbicular and Zygocbiuli hormones D. Antibodies

Elkman and Friesen concluded that facial expressions of the following emotions are A. Surprise, anger, sadness, disgust, fear, and happiness B. Anger, fear, sleepiness, surprise C. Fear and Anger D. Sleepiness and Surprise

Emotional situation produce wide spread ______ in cerebral activity A. Increases B. Decreases C. Pain D. Limitations

Glucocorticoids are released from A. Adrenal cortex B. Adrenal medulla C. Hippocampuses D. Pathogens

H pylori infection alone is insufficient to produce Gastric Ulcers A. True B. False

In a standard fear-conditioning experiment, the subject is presented with __________________ and then receives exposure to a footshock. A. an auditory conditional stimulus B. a visual unconditional stimulus C. an auditory unconditional response D. access to food

In functional brain-imaging studies, emotional situations typically produce A. widespread increases of cerebral activity, not just in the amygdalae and prefrontal cortex. B. increases in cerebral activity that are largely restricted to the amygdalae and prefrontal cortex. C. increases in cerebral activity that are largely restricted to the amygdalae. D. increases in cerebral activity that are largely restricted to the prefrontal cortex.

In human males, aggressive behavior does not increase at puberty as testosterone levels in the blood increase A. True B. False

It is not more reasonable to think of most, if not all, medical disorders has psychosomatic A. True B. False

James lange theory says that diffferent emotional stimuli induce different of ____ activity and these different patterns produce different emotional experiences A. Autonomic B. Sympathetic C. Skeletal D. Peripheral

Kluver Bucy Syndrome's test subjects were A. Monkeys B. Squid C. Babies D. Horseshoe Crabs

Microglia A. Phagocytes specific to the CNS B. Leukocytes that are specific to the CNS C. Phagocytes specific to the ANS D. Leukocytes specific to the ANS

No brain structure has been invariably linked to a particular emotion A. True B. False

Not all neurons in the area perform the same function A. true B. false

Not the entire amgydala is involved in acquisition, storage and expression of conditioned fear A. True B. False

Numerous studies have reported ___ correlations bw stress and ill health in humans A. positive B. negative C. no D. none of the above

People of different cultures make different facial expressions A. False B. True

Per valence model, right hemisphere is specialized for processing ____ emotion A. Negative B. Positive C. Neutral D. All of the above

Phagocytes displays the microorganisms antigens on the surface of its cells membrane and attract A. T cells B. B cells C. G Cells D. L cells

Playing with a gun increased tesosterone levels of male college students A. True B. False

Polygraphy deploys the A. Autonomic Nervous System B. Sympathetic Nervous System C. Skeletal Nervous System D. Peripheral Nervous System

Rats w literal septal lesions do not initiate more attacks, but they are hyper defensive when threatened A. True B. False

Reexperiencing related patterns of motor, autonomic, and sensory neural activity during emotional experiences is generally referred to as the A. embodiment of emotions. B. basis of emotions. C. interrelatedness of emotions. D. complexity of emotions.

Sham rage can occur in cats if the ____ has been removed A. Cerebral hemispheres B. Hypothalamus C. Cortex D. Thalamus

Sham rage was first observed in A. decorticate cats. B. wild rats. C. monkeys with no limbic system. D. Papez's circuit.

Stressors activate the sympathetic nervous system thereby increasing the amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from the _______ A. Adrenal Medulla B. Anterior pituitary C. Occipital lobe D. Hypothalmus

The autonomic and somatic feedback is not necessary for the experience of emotion A. True B. False

The case of SP is simlar to A. Urbach Wiethe Disease B. Parkinson's Disease C. Huntington's Disease D. Epilepsy

The effects of stress can be induced by A. Corticosterone B. Adrenalectomy C. Adrenaline D. stressors

The process by which benign contexts come to elicit fear through their association with fear-inducing stimuli is called _________________ and requires intact _____________. A. contextual fear conditioning; hippocampi B. environmental fear conditioning; hippocampi C. contextual fear conditioning; amygdalae D. environmental fear conditioning; amygdalae

The valence model proposes that the right hemisphere is specialized for processing __________________ and the left hemisphere is specialized for processing _______________. A. negative emotion; positive emotion B. fear conditioning to a tone; contextual fear conditioning C. positive emotion; negative emotion D. facial expressions of emotion; empathy

There is evidence that not all emotions are associated w the same pattern of ANS activity and there is no evidence that each emotion is characterized by a distinct pattern of ANS activity A. True B. False

To use the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher must know a fact about the crime that could only be known by the A. guilty party. B. judge. C. defense lawyer. D. aggrieved party.

Virtually all mammals (particularly males) experience threats from conspecifics A. True B. False

What induces subordination stress in members of our species A. Bullying B. Adrenal glands C. Stressors D. dominance

When an alpha male rat attacks a submissive male intruder, he A.moves sideways toward the intruder with a lateral attack. B. moves directly toward the intruder with a face-forward attack. C. directs his attack at the intruder's face. D. directs his attack at the tip of the intruder's tail.

Whose name is most associated with tamping irons? A. Gage B. Klüver C. Duchenne D. Selye

Zygomaticus Major A. Can be controlled voluntarily B. Contracted by genuine pleasure C. All of the above D. None of the above

anti-body mediated immunity begins when A. B cells binds to foreign antigen which contain correct receptor B. T cells binds to foreign antigen which contain correct receptor C. L cells binds to foreign antigen which contain correct receptor D. G cells binds to foreign antigen which contain correct receptor

______ and _____ play major roles in perception and experience of human emotions

A. Amydalae and Thalamus B. Amydalae and Hypothalmus C. Amydalae and Hippocampus D. Amydalae and Medial prefrontal cortex

Neurons in emotional processing appear to be ______ distributed in the human _____ lobes

A. Narrow and large; temporal lobes B. Narrow and Large; medial prefrontal lobes C. Sparse and widely; temporal loves D. Sparse and widely; medial prefrontal lobes

Organizational and activation effects have been present In mammalian species A. true B. false

What is included in the limbic system (acronym)?

Alison, moved, her, couch for, seasonal, oranges (and), Hippos

Blanchard and Blanchard studied

Alpha males

gastric uclers can be caused by

Asprin

orbicularis oculi A. Can be controlled voluntarily B. Contracted by genuine pleasure C. All of the above D. None of the above

Aggressive behavior is not eliminated by Castration A. False B. True

All stressors produce ____ core pattern(s) of physiological changes, whether physiological or physical A. Different B. Same C. Complex D. Simple

Antibody-mediated immunity is directed by A. T cells B. B cells C. G Cells D. L cells

Bilateral lesions to the auditory cortex A. Block fear conditioning to a tone B. Don't block C. None of the above D. Both block and unblocks

Both _________ and _____ project to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala A. Thalamus and Striate B. Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus C. Thalamus and Hypothalamus D. Prefrontal cortex and Striate

Cannon Bard theory claims that all emotional stimuli produce the same general pattern of _______ activation which prepares the organism for action A. Autonomic B. Sympathetic C. Skeletal D. Peripheral

Cats that played with mice before injection A. Played w them after injection B. Killed them after injection C. All of the above D. None of the above

Cytokines are produced by A. cells of immune system B. cells of nervous system C. cells of innate immune system D. cells of adaptive immune syste,

Duchenne smile but not a false smile involves the appropriate contraction of the A. Zygoblicus Major B. Obicularis Oculi C. Zygobiculus Oculi D. Obicularis

For auditory conditioning to occur the tone has to reach the auditory cortex A. True B. False

Human patients whose autonomic and somatic feedback has been largely eliminated by a broken neck are capable of a full range of emotional experiences A. False B. True

Improvements in the immune function following acute stress occur mainly in A. Adaptive immune system B. Innate immune system C. Immune system D. distress

In most people facial expressions begin on A. Right side B. Left side C. Neither side D. Both sides

In studies that use _____________________, participants are directed to inhibit their emotional reactions to unpleasant films or pictures. In studies that use _________________, participants are instructed to reinterpret a picture to change their emotional reaction to it. A. reappraisal paradigms; suppression paradigms B. suppression paradigms; reappraisal paradigms C. reinterpretation paradigms; inhibition paradigms D. inhibition paradigms; reinterpretation paradigms

Innate immune system is the ____ to react A. Last B. First

It was found that stressors produce an increase in blood levels of A. G proteins B. Cytokines C. Glucose D. Rhodopisn

James Lange and cannon bard prediction about the role of feedback from ________ nervous system A. Skeletal and Peripheral B. Autonomic and Somatic C. Somatic and Peripheral D. Skeletal and Autnomic

Kawaski and Colleagues used microelectrodes to record from 267 neurons in A. Interior geniculate nuclei B. Anterior cingulate cortices C. Prefrontal Cortex D. Striate Nuclei

Kluver Bucy was shown additionally in A. Horseshoe Crabs B. Snakes C. Squids D. Rats

Lateral septal lesions do not increase agression A. False B. True

Lesions to the medial geniculate or the ___________ block conventional auditory fear conditioning. A. hippocampus B. amygdala C. lateral geniculate nucleus D. septum

Memory B cells are produced A. After Lymphocytes B. During the process of when Antibodies are produced C. After the destruction of the antibody D. None of the above

Most lines of stress research begin with ______ involving nonhumans before moving to A. Correlational studies of humans; controlled experiments B. Controlled experiments; correlational studies of humans C. Controlled groups; Experimental group D. None of the above

Most of the early research on stress was conducted with A. Humans B. Non-humans C. Brains D. Microscopes

One factor that increases the susceptibility of the stomach wall to damage from Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) appears to be A. amygdalar tumors. B. stress. C. enlarged amygdalae. D. Urbach-Wiethe disease.

One of the first reaction of the innate immune system invasion of pathogen is A. to attack B. Inflammation C. Bleaching D. Multyiplying

Pellis and colleagues observation led to improved understanding of a aggressive and defensive behavior in A. Horseshoe Crabs B. Cats C. Squids D. Rats

Per valence model, left hemisphere is specialized for processing ____ emotion A. Negative B. Positive C. Neutral D. All of the above

Selye concluded that stressors stimulate the release of ______________________ from the anterior pituitary, which in turn triggers the release of ______________ from the adrenal cortex. A. cytokines; glucocorticoids B. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); glucocorticoids C. glucocorticoids; cytokines D. glucocorticoids; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Small pox has been largely eradicated by programs of vaccination w the weakened form of its largely benign relative A. chicken pox B. cow pox C. cat pox D. Poxid

Social agression in many species occurs more in A. Females B. Males

Stressor acting on neural circuits release adrenocorticotropic hormone from the ____________ A. Adrenal cortex B. Anterior pituitary C. Occipital lobe D. Hypothalmus

Stressors increase the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the A. Adrenal cortex B. Adrenal medulla C. Hippocampuses D. Pathogens

Testosterone increases _____ in rats A. Social defense B. Social agression C. Socialism D. growth

The effects of stress can be blocked by A. Corticosterone B. Adrenalectomy C. Adrenaline D. stressors

The later nucleus of the amygdala does what A. Combination, creation and Storage B. Acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear C. Combination, Expression of unconditioned fear and creation D. Storage, Combination and Acquisition

The usual target site of a rat ____ attack is the face of the attacking rat A. Social B. Defensive C. Social-defensive D. none of the above

There is only one kind of each T cell and only a few T cells w each kind of receptor A. False B. True

Urbach Wiethe Disease calcification A. Hardening to Postassium Carbonate B. Hardening to Calcium Carbonate C. Hardening to Sodium Carbon D. Hardening to Potassium Carbon

What is the best way to measure to testosterone? A. Blood level B. Testosterone levels in the brain C. Sperm count D. All of the above

When a small intruder rat defends itself against the alpha male of the colony, it directs its defensive attacks at the A. base of the alpha's tail. B. alpha's face. C. tip of the alpha's tail. D. alpha's ears.

When conspecific threat becomes an enduring feature of daily life, the result is A. enlarged amygdalae. B. subordination stress. C. hippocampal swelling. D. conspecific stress.

______ is thought to control defensive behavior via outputs from the central nucleus of the amygdala A. Thalamus B. Amygdala C. Striate D. Hippocampus

________ stress has been most frequently implicated in ill health A. Manic Stress B. Chronic psychological C. Stress D. Complex-mental

development period during which early stress can adversely affect neural endocrine development begins ____ birth A. During B. Before C. After D. none of the above

in the typical auditory fear-conditioning experiment, the ______ is a tone A. Pattern B. Conditional stimulus C. Unconditional stimulus D. Fear conditoning

The _______________ concept is the idea that the aggressive and defensive behaviors of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own. A. aggressive maneuver B. attack-site C. target-site D. defensive maneuver

Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following, except A. the thymus gland B. bone marrow C. lymphatic nodules. D. lymph node organs. E. lymphatic system F. the brain.

C, D, F

A genuine smile involves activation of the ___________________ and is known as the ______________ smile. A. orbicularis oculi; Ekman B. zygomaticus major; Ekman C. orbicularis oculi; Duchenne D. orbicularis major; Duchenne

Agression Is largely abolished by A. Medicine B. Therapy C. Castration D. Death

Better animal models of stress involve the study of social threat from A. Prey B. Predators C. Conspecifics D. Genomes

Emotional functions are A. Emotional B. Horizontal C. Lateralized D. Functional

Evidence has been accumulating that the _________________ is critically involved in the acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear. A. medial geniculate nucleus of the amygdala B. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus C. lateral nucleus of the amygdala D. lateral nucleus of the hippocampus

Hans Selye first described the stress response in the 1950s, and he emphasized its dual nature. In the short term, it produces __________ that help the animal respond to the stressor, however, it produces changes that are maladaptive. A. Maladaptive changes B. Fear C. Adaptive changes D. Stress

In rats, bilateral lesions to the __________________ block fear conditioning to a tone, but bilateral lesions to the _______________ do not. A. lateral geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex B. auditory cortex; amygdala C. medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex D. amygdala; medial geniculate nucleus

In some species, castration has ___________ effect on social aggression; in still others, castration ____________ social aggression during the breeding season but not at other times. A. no; increases B. a large; decreases C. no; decreases D. a small; increases

In the Kawasaki and colleagues experiment of the 267 neurons _____ responded most strongly and consistently to negative emotional content A. 85 B. 94 C. 56 D. 43

In the classic study of the guilty knowledge technique ____ percent of mock criminal were correctly identified A. 79% B. 65% C. 88% D. 43%

Pellis and colleagues (1988) showed that different cats react to mice in different ways: Some are efficient mouse _____________, some react defensively, and some seem to ______________. A. catchers; just eat the mice B. players; cuddle the mice C. killers; play with the mice D. killers; sniff the mice

Selye attributed the stress response to the activation of the _____ A. Prefrontal cortex B. Medial Prefrontal Cortex C. Anterior Pituitary adrenal cortex D. Anterior Prefrontal Cortex

Some studies have found that violent male criminals and aggressive male athletes tend to have higher testosterone levels than normal; however, this does not necessarily mean that testosterone _________ aggression. A. redirects B. is correlated with C. causes D. inhibits

Stress has been shown to reduce adult neurogenesis in the A. Adrenal cortex B. Adrenal medulla C. Hippocampuses D. Pathogens

T and B cells have receptors for A. lymphocytes B. phagocytes C. glucorticoids D. epinephrine

The ________________________ syndrome includes the following behaviors: the consumption of almost anything that is edible, increased sexual activity often directed at inappropriate objects, a tendency to repeatedly investigate familiar objects, a tendency to investigate objects with the mouth, and a lack of fear. A. sham rage B. Darwinian antithesis C. Klüver-Bucy D. septal damage

The effects of stress on the hippocampus appear to be mediated by elevated glucocorticoid levels: Stress effects can be induced by ______________ and blocked by ______________. A. adrenalectomy; glucocorticoid receptor agonists B. glucocorticoid receptor antagonists; adrenalectomy C. corticosterone; adrenalectomy D. adrenalectomy; corticosterone

The most commonly used measure of stress is A. the release of glucocorticoids from the pituitary. B. heart rate. C. the circulating levels of glucocorticoids. D. blood pressure.

The prefrontal cortex is though to act on the_____ of the amygdala to inhibit conditioned fear A. Hippocampus B. Thalmus C. Lateral Nucleus D. Medial Geniculate nucleus

The same asymmetry of facial expressions has been documented in A. Cows B. Rats C. Monkeys D. Apes

The same emotional stimuli often activate _____ areas in different people A. same B. parallel C. different D. lateral

The view of gastric ulcers as the prototypical psychosomatic disorder changed with the discovery that it is caused by A. Viral infection B. Fungi C. Bacteria D. Asprin

What factor increases the susceptibility of the H pylori damaging the stomach wall A. Asprin B. Infections C. Stress D. Bullying

What lobes are active when both reappraisal and supression paradigms are used? A. temporal lobes B. Occipital lobes C. Medial Prefrontal lobes D. Parietal lobes

When a conspecific threat is a continuous feature of daily life, it produces __________ stress A. Abomination B. Dominant C. Subordination D. Opressive

Which of the following theories is the oldest? A. Urbach-Wiethe theory B. Cannon-Bard theory C. James-Lange theory D. Kluver-Bucy theory

in humans, most violent outbursts that are labeled as aggression are more appropriately viewed as A. Social attacks B. Puberty C. Defensive attacks D. None of the above

Auditory fear conditioning to simple tones depends on a pathway from the ____ to the amygdala A. Hippocampus B. Thalmus C. Lateral Nucleus D. Medial Geniculate nucleus

According to James Lange theory the emotional experience...? A. Depends entirely on feedback from autonomic and somatic nervous system activity B. Is totally independent of such feedback C. These proved to be incorrect D. A and C E. B and C

Antibodies are released where after B cell multiplication? A. In blood stream B. in body cells C. in nucleus D. in intracellular fluid

Between the amygdala and the fornix in the limbic system is the ____ A. Thalamus B. Orbiculairs Oculi C. Striate D. Hippocampus E. Prefrontal Cortex

Blanchard and Blanchard test subjects? A. Horseshoe Crabs B. Snakes C. Squids D. Rats

Cytokines cause A. Parkinson's and colds B. The flu and fever C. Fever and Huntington's disease D. Inflammation and fever

In most primates most of the symptoms of the Kluver Bucy syndrome result from damage to the A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Geniculate Nuclei D. Amygdala

In order to use the ___________________, the polygrapher must have a piece of information concerning the crime that would be known only to the guilty person. A. lie detector technique B. prior knowledge technique C. guilty information technique D. guilty-knowledge technique

Lymphocytes have receptors for A. Glucocotricoids B. Nonrepinephrine C. Epinephrine D. All of the above E. None of the abve

Main cells of the adaptive immune system are specialized _____ called ___ A. Phagocytes, phagocytosis B. Antibodies, T Cells C. Antibodies, B Cells D. Leukocytes, lymphocytes

Microexpressions last about ___ seconds A. 0.08 B. 0.07 C. 0.06 D. 0.05

Patients with Urbach-Wiethe disease have particular problems identifying A. conditional stimuli. B. people from other cultures. C. colors. D. facial expressions of fear.

Sham rage cannot occur if ____ has been removed A. Cerebral hemispheres B. Thalamus C. Cortex D. Hypothalamus

Stress responses are _____ and ____ depending on the stressor A. Simple and parallel B. Simple and varied C. Complex and parallel D. Complex and varied

Stressor acting on neural circuits release ______ from the anterior pituitary A. Glucocortoroids B. Adrenaline C. Glucose D. Adrenocorticotropic Hormones

T cells and B cells are A. antibodies. B. antigens. C. phagocytes. D. lymphocytes.

The B cell multiplies after binding to foreign antigen and synthesizes a lethal form of its receptor molecules known as A. Pathogens B. Lymphocytes C. T-Inavders D. Antibodies

The amygdala is thought to control defensive behavior via outputs from the A. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. B. medial geniculate nucleus of the amygdala. C. lateral nucleus of the amygdala. D. central nucleus of the amygdala.

The colony-intruder model of aggression and defense has yielded rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggressive and defensive behaviors by studying the interactions between the _____________ of an established mixed-sex colony and a small ____________. A. dominant female; female intruder B. dominant female; rat pup C. beta male; male intruder D. alpha male; male intruder

The establishing of a rear response to a previous neutral stimulus, such as a tone is accomplished by fear ___ A. Stimulus B. Labels C. Patterns D. Conditioning

The innate immune system is triggered by A. G proteins B. Leukocyte receptor C. Phagocyte receptors D. Toll-like receptors

Urbach Wiethe disease is calcification of A. Prefrontal Cortex B. Thalamus C. Hypothalamus D. Amygdala

What are the 2 classes of lymphocytes? A. G Cells and A cells B. F cells and K cells C. R cells and L cells D. B cells and T cells

What was the first medical disorder to be classified as psychosomatic? A. Asthma B. heat disease C. Liver cancer D. Gastric Ulcer

When trying to fake a smile, the muscles around the _________ are the most difficult to get just right. A. lips B. mouth C. chin D. eyes

_____ helps with recognition of fearful facial expressions A. Prefrontal Cortex B. Thalamus C. Hypothalamus D. Amygdala

_____ is Thought to interact w that part of the amygdala to mediate learning about the context of fear-related events A. Thalamus B. Prefrontal Cortex C. Hypothalamus D. Hippocampus

___________________ is a genetic disorder that often results in calcification of the amygdala and surrounding anterior medial-temporal-lobe structures in both hemispheres. A. Klüver-Bucy syndrome B. Huntington's disease C. Prader-Willi syndrome D. Urbach-Wiethe disease

patients w damage to amygdala suggests a specific role in A. Anger B. Surprise C. Sadness D. Fear

H pylori

Danges stomach wall

The most widely studied difference between a genuine and false facial expression was described by

Duchenne

Fear conditioning

Establishment of fear in response to a previously neutral stimulus (conditioned) by presenting it several times before the delivery of an aversive stimulus (unconditioned stimulus)

The adaptive immune system A. is slower, immune reactions take longer to be manifested B. Is faster, takes immune reactions a shorter time to be manifested C. it reacts to specific antigens D. has a memory; once it reacts to a particular pathogen, it reacts more effectively against that same pathogen E. All of the above F. A, C, D G. B, C, D

auditory fear conditioning

Fear conditioning that uses a sound as a conditional stimulus

The average success rate In various mock-crime studies using the control question technique is A. 20% B. 30% C. 40% D. 50% E. 60% F. 70% G.80%

Which bacteria causes gastric ulcers

Helicobacter Pylori

First psychological theory of emotion

James Lange

In 1952 Papez's theory was revised by Paul Maclean and became known as

Limbic system theory of emotion

Polygraph detects ANS Activity not lies A. False B. True

Evolution of threat displays

Originally facing an enemy, rising up and exposing one's weapons were the components of the early stages of combat. Then enemies began to recognize these behaviors as signals of impending aggressions, a survival advantage accrued to attackers that could communicate their agression most effectively and intimidate their victims w/out actually fighting key: elaborate threat displays evolved and actual combat declined

Amygdalae

Plays role in evaluating the emotional significance of situations

______ Thought to act on the lateral nucleus of the amygdala to suppress conditioned fear

Prefrontal cortex

Embodiment of emotions

Reexperiencing related patterns of motor, autonomic, and sensory neural activity during emotional experiences

Eustress

Stress that improves health or other aspects of functioning

The behavior of a socially agressive rat (lateral attack) appears to be designed to deliver bites to defending rat's back and to protects its own face, the likely target of a defensive attack

Target Site concept

Phineas gage

Vermont railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that changed his personality and behavio

Mock Crime Procedure

Volunteers participate in a mock crime and are then subjected to a polygraph test by an examiner who is unaware of their "guilt" or "innocence"

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

a behavioral disorder(Lack of fear and hyper-sexuality) that is induced in primates by bilateral damage to the anterior temporal lobes

bullying

a chronic social threat that induces subordination stress in members of our species

Limbic system

a collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts that ring the thalamus

Duchenne Smile

a genuine smile that involves contraction of facial muscles orbicularis oculi

Cytokines

a group of peptide hormones that are released by many cells and participate in a variety of physiological and immunological responses causing inflammation and fever

The end result of the cohen and colleagues study

a higher proportion of those participants who scored highly on the stress scales developed colds

control-question technique

a lie-detection interrogation method in which the polygrapher compares the physiological responses to target questions with the responses to control questions

Guilty knowledge technique

a lie-detection method in which the polygrapher records autonomic nervous system responses to a list of control and crime-related information known only to the guilty person and the examiner

Cells mediated immune reaction begins when

a phagocyte ingests a foreign microorganism

Long term cytokine release is associated with

a variety of adverse health consequences

children subjected to maltreatment or other forms of severe stress display

a variety of brain and endocrine system abnormalities

In the kawaski and colleagues experiment they assessed

activity of the neurons when the patients viewed photos w emotional content

Vaccination

administering a weakened form of a virus so that if the virus later invades, the adaptive immune system is prepared to deal w it

Stress in mothers

aggravates asthmatic symptoms in their children and vice versa

Right hemisphere model of cerebral lateralization hold that the right hemisphere is specialized for

all aspects of emotional processing: perception, expression and experience of emotion

Kawaski and Colleagues made the point that

all medial prefrontal cortex are large and complex and likely performs many functions

Amygdala aka

amygdala complex

What is included in the limbic system

amygdala, mammillary body, hippocampus, cortex of the cingulate, fornix, septum, olfactory bulb, and hippocampus

Stress produces wide spread changes in the body thru its effects on the

anterior pituitary adrenal cortex system and the sympathetic nervous system adrenal medulla system

Most modern roles of stress acknowledge the roles of both the ________ and ________

anterior pituitary adrenal cortex system; the sympathetic nervous system adrenal medulla system

Kluver and Bucy was shown in monkeys that had their

anterior temporal lobes removed

B cells

antibody-mediated immunity, lymphocytes that manufacture antibodies against antigens they encounter

In Darwin's book, Expression of Emotions and Animals, what example did he use for signaling aggression

antithesis of dogs (by staring and averting their gaze)

Adaptive immune system did what first?

appear in early vertebrates

Prefrontal Cortex

areas of frontal cortex that are anterior to the frontal motor areas

Ledoux and his colleagues began their search for neural mechanisms of

auditory fear conditioning by making lesions in the auditory pathways of rats

James and Lange argued that

autonomic activity and behavior are triggered by the emotional event (Ex: Rapid heartbeat and running away) produce the feeling of emotion not vice versa

Signals of agression and submission must

be clearly distinguishable, thus, tend to evolve in opposite directions

Example of amygdala activating appropriate circuits

behavioral circuits in the periaquediuctal gray and sympathetic circuits in the hypothalamus

Agressive behaviors

behaviors whose primary function Is to threaten or harm

defensive behaviors

behaviors whose primary function is protection from threat or harm

Monkey's that could not be handled before surgery were transformed by

bilateral anterior temporal lobectomy into tame subjects that showed now fear

Ledoux and collegues found out that

bilateral lesions to medial geniculate neucleus blocked fear conditioning to a tone, but bilateral lesions to auditory cortex did not

When antibodies are released into intracellular fluid they

bind to foreign antigens and destroy or deactivate the microorganisms that possess them

lesions of the amygdala, like lesions to the medial geniculate nucleus

block auditory fear conditioning

Bilateral Hippocampus lesions

block the subsequent development of a fear response without blocking the development of a fear response to the elicit conditional stimulus

When they percieve signs of infection in others

bodies are primed to respond more aggressively to infections

Gage's brain affected

both medial prefrontal lobes

Early exposure to severe stress

can have adverse effects on subsequent development

Autonomic and somatic responses to emotional stimuli

can influence emotional experience

Behavior of a stressed or ill person

can produce stress and ilness in others

T cells

cell mediated immunity, lymphocytes that bind to foreign microorganisms and cells that contain them, in doing do detroy them

many neuropeptides that are released by neurons are released by

cells of the immune system

Phagocytes

cells that engulf and destroy pathogens to the infected area

One of the first partially controlled studies demonstrating stress induced increases in the susceptibility of humans to infectious diseases was conducted by

cohen and colleagues

Declines in some aspects of immune function may induce

compensatory increases in others

The reaction of the innate immune system includes

complex, but general array of chemical and cellular reactions

Guilty Knowledge Technique aka

concealed information tests

If one pathway of medial geniculate nucleus to the amygdala is destroyed

conditioning progresses normally

Symptoms of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

consumption of almost anything that is edible, increased sexual activity directed at inappropriate objects, a tendency to repeatedly investigate familiar objects w the mouth, and a lack of fear

Why is the causal link b.w stress and susceptibility to infectious disease in humans so persuasive

correlational studies have show the correlation, controlled experience w lab animals show that stress can increase susceptibility, controlled studies of humans have added to the weight

Which route is capable of mandating fear conditioning to complex sounds

cortical

Main conclusion for Wager and Colleagues

current theories of lateralization of emotion are too general from a neuroanatomical perspective and overall comparison b/w L and R hemispheres revealed no inter-hemispheric differences in either amount fo emotion processing or the valence of the emotions processed

Stressors trigger

cytokines

Phagocytosis

destruction of pathogens by phagocytes

Unhandled rat pups that received a lot of grooming from their mothers received a lot of grooming from their mothers

developed the same profile of less glutococorticoid

What can influence immune function?

diet, exercise, sleep and drug use

The relationship between agression and testosterone levels is

difficult to interpret because engaging in aggressive activity can increase testosterone levels

Patients with Urbach Wiethe disease sometimes have

difficulty recognizing other complex visual stimuli

what stimulated the focused interest of the adaptive immune system

discovery of the role of cytokines in the innate immune system

Pathogens

disease causing agents

The immune system has many redundant components so

disruption of one of them may have little or no effect on vulnerability to infection

Subordination stress is most readily studied in social species that form

dominance hierarchies

Hans Selye described the stress response and emphasized it's

dual nature

Segerstrom and Millers found that

effects of stress on immune function depended on the kind of stress

Rats that are separated from their mothers in infancy display

elevated behavioral and hormonal responses to stress as adults

Amygdala Pathways to periqueductal gray of midbrain

elicits appropriate defense responses

Amydgala pathways to lateral hypothalamus

elicits appropriate sympathetic responses

Fear

emotional reaction to threat; motivating force for defensive behaviors

Functional brain imaging studies have found evidence of activity in the medial prefrontal lobes when

emotional reactions are being cognitively suppressed or re-evaluated

According to Bipsychological view

emotional response-- the perception of the emotion inducing stimulus, the autonomic and somatic responses to the stimulus, and the experience of emotion-- can influence

The amygdala assess the

emotional significance of the sound on the basis of previous encounters w it, and activated appropriate response circuits

Many studies of medial prefrontal lobe activity

employ suppression paradigms or reappraisal paradigms

Orbicularis Oculi

encircles the eye and pulls the skin from the cheeks and forehead toward the eyeball

_______, in which fear inducing stimuli are encountered can come to elicit fear

environments or contexts

If you repeatedly encountered a bear on a particular trail in the forest, the trail itself illicit fear

example of enviornment/context inducing fear

When both paradigms are used, medial prefrontal lobes are active, they

exert their cognitive control of emotion by interacting w the amygdala

Stressors

experiences that induce the stress response

Papez proposed that emotional states are

expressed through the action of other structures of the circuit on the hypothalamus and they are experienced their action on the cortex

Hypothalamus is critical for

expression of aggressive responses and

Darwin believed _____ are products of evolution

expressions of emotions like other behaviors

Early stress research on nonhumans tended to involve

extreme forms of stress such as repeated exposure to electric shock or long periods of physical restraint

Innate immune system

first component of the immune system to react--m reacts quickly and generally near points of entry of pathogens

Hans Selye

first describe the stress response in the 1950s

Toll like receptors were discovered in

fruit flies

Example of signals and agression and submission contrasting each other

gulls agression= pointing beaks at one another gulls submission= pointing beaks away

Since facial expression begin on the left side, the right hemisphere

has dominance for facial expressions

Memory B cells

have a long life and accelerate antibody-mediated immunity if there is a subsequent infection by same micororagnism

A few studies have found the violent male criminal and aggressive male athletes

have higher testosterone levels than normal

Cytokines promote

healing of damaged tissue once pathogens are destoryed

Short term cytokine induced inflammatory responses

help body combat infection

behavioral immune system

humans are motivated to avoid contact with individuals who are displaying symptoms of illness.

Conventional fear conditioning procedure

if a rat repeatedly receives an electric shock following a conditional stimulus such as a tine, the rat will become fearful of the conditional context (test chamber) as well as the tone

Brief stressors lead to

improvements in immune function

1st major event in the study of biopsychology of emotion

in 1872 publication of Darwin's book the expression of emotions in Man and Animals

Agressive responses do decorticate animals are abnormal in which way(s)

inappropriately severe, and they are not directed at particular targets

Pellis and colleagues found that giving cats an antianxiety drug tended

increase efficiency of mouse killing

Early exposure to stress ____ the intensity of subsequent stress responses

increases

Stressors activate the sympathetic nervous system thereby

increasing the amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from the adrenal medulla

neonatal castration of male mice eliminates the ability of testosterone injections to

induce social aggression in adulthood

What line(s) of defense are met with microorganisms breach the surface barriers

innate immune system and the adaptive immune system

medial prefrontal lobes

involved in planning decision making and emotion

the major feature of Selye's landmark theory

is its assertion that both physical and psychological stressors induce the same general stress response

For auditory conditioning to occur

it is necessary for signals elicited by the tone to reach the medial geniculate nucleus

Stressors are complex and varied with the exact response depending on the stressor,

its timing, the nature of the stressed person, how the stressed person reacts to the stressor

Decorticate

lacking cortex

Functional Brain imaging studies of emotion have observed

lateralization in the amygdalae-- more activity is often observed in the L amygdala

The assumption of the usage of control question technique is

lying will be associated with greater sympathetic activation

Cytokines are now classified with adrenal hormones as

major stress hormones

Glucorticoids produce

many components of the stress response

Stress produced changes in immune function

may be too short lived to have substantial effects on the probability of infection

psychosomatic disorders

medical disorders in which psychological factors play a causal role

Conspefics

member of the same species

Polygraphy

method of interrogation that employs ANS indexes of emotion to infer the truthfulness of a person's responses

Kawaski and Collegues used

micro-electrodes to record from 267 neurons in the anterior cingulate cortices of four patients prior to surgery

Failure to find unqualified support for either James-Lange or the Cannon Bard theory led to

modern biopsychological view

Medial prefrontal lobes have been hypthesized to

monitor the difference b/w outcome and expectancy, to encode stimulus value over time, to predict the likelihood of error, to mediate the conscious awareness of emotional stimuli and to mediate social decision making

The level of circulating glucocortiorids is

most commonly employed physiological measure of stress

Once a T cells receptor for foreign antigen binds to surface of an infected macrophage a series of reactions are initiated. Among the reaction is

multiplication of the bound T cell, creating more T cells w the specific receptor necessary to destroy all invaders that contain target antigens and all body cells that have been infected by the inavders

Study of neural basis of emotions has been limited b/c

neuroscientisist have often been guided by unsubstantiated cultural assumptions about emotions (fear, happiness, anger).. and scientist search for them

Responses to extreme stress tend to mask

normal variations in the stress response, and it is difficult to relate the results of such studies to common human stressors

Another approach to studying the lateralization of emotions is

observing asymmetry of facial expressions

Amygdala is composed of

of a dozen or major nuclei that are divided into subnuclei

the reason for susceptibility may be because

of the dense population of glucorticoid receptors in the hippocampus

What type of receptors are are on T cells surface?

one for molecules that are found on the surface of Phagocytes and one for a specific foreign antigen

Why is it difficult to prove that stress causes increases in susceptibility to infectious diseases

only correlational studies are possible

principle of antithesis

opposite social messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures.

Early separation of rat pups from their mothers sees to have effects

opposite to those that result from high levels of early grooming

Social agression in many species occurs more in males is explained with reference to

organization and activation effects of testerosterone

Brief period of testosterone release that occurs around birth in genetic males is though to

organize their nervous systems along masculine lines hence creating the potential male patterns of social agression to be activated by high testosterone levels that are present after puberty

facial feedback hypothesis

our facial expressions influence the emotions we feel

Most seemingly aggressive outbursts in humans are

overreactions to real or perceived threat and viewed as a defensive attack instead of social aggression

Gastric ulcers

painful lesions to the lining of the stomach and duodenum, which in extreme cases can be life-threatening

suppression paradigms

participants are directed to inhibit their emotional reactions to unpleasant films or pictures

reappraisal paradigms

participants are instructed to reinterpret a picture to change their emotional reaction to it

In the cohen and colleagues study

participants randomly received saline nasal drops that contained a respiratory virus or saline. Then they were quaretined.

In The expression of emotions in man animals, Darwin argued

particular emotional responses such as human facial expressions tend to accompany the same emotional states in all members of a species

The Hippocampus

particularly susceptible to stress induced effects

Gastric ulcers occur more commonly in

people living in stressful situations and stressors can produce gastric ulcers in lab animals

Left and right cerebral hemispheres are specialized to

perform different emotional functions

thought to be one of the first immune reactions to evolved

phagocytosis

It was discovered that stessors produce

physiological reactions that participate in the body's inflammatory responses

Pathway from the medial geniculate nucleus to the amygdala

plays a key role in fear conditioning

Hippocampus

plays key role in memory for spatial location

indirect pathways from medial geniculate nucleus to amygdala

projects via auditory cortex

Surface barriers

protect the body from being overwhelmed

Immune system

protects the body against microorganisms

Interest in pathological effects of stress has increased as researchers have ID'd more

psychosomatic disorders

Zygomaticus Major

pulls lips corners up

Cohen and colleagues utlilized

questionnaries

Liu and colleagues found that

rat pups are groomed more by their mothers and they hypothesized that the salutary effects of the early handling resulted from the extra grooming, rather than from the handling itself

Amygdala

receives input from all sensory systems; the structure where emotional significance of sensory details is learned and retained

Toll like receptors

receptors found in the cell membrane of many cells of the innate immune system; they trigger phagocytosis and inflammatory responses; bind to molecules on the surface or when injured cells send out alarm signals

stress has been shown to

reduce dendritic branching in the hippocampus, reduce adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus, modify structure of hippocampus synapses, disrupt the performance of hippocampus dependent tasks

Decorticate cats

respond aggressively to the slightest provocation -- after light touch, they arch their backs, erect their hair, growl, hiss and expose their teeth

The media portion of pre frontal lobes (including medial portions of the orbitiofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex)

site of emotion cognition interaction that have received the most attention

As adult rats that had been handled as pups displayed

smaller increases in circulating glucorticoroids

Ducheene stated that

smile of enjoyment could be distinguished from deliberately produced smiles by consideration of the 2 facial muscles that are contracted during genuine smiles: Orbicularis Oculi, which encircles the eye and pulls the skin from the cheeks and forehead toward the eyeball, and zygomaticus major which pulls the lip corners up

Mechanisms that protect invasions thru bodily openings

sneezing, coughing, tears, mucous

Adult castration in mice eliminates the eliminates

social agression in male mice that do not receive testosterone and agression

Valence model proposes that the right hemisphere is

specialized for processing negative emotion and the left hemisphere is specialized from processing positive emotion

Subordination stress

stress experienced by animals, typically males, that are continually attacked by higher-ranking conspecifics

Distress

stress that disrupts health or other aspects of functioning

Analysis of aggressive and defensive behaviors has led to

target site concept

Cannon Bard theory

that emotional experience and emotional expression are parallel processes that have no direct causal relation; they excite both the feeling of emotion in the brain and the expression of emotion in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems

In 1937, Papez proposed

that emotional expression is controlled by several interconnected nuclei and tracts that ring the thalamus

adaptive immune system

the division of the immune system that mounts targeted attacks on foreign pathogens by binding to antigens in their cell membranes

Alpha male

the dominant male of a colony

Sham Rage

the exaggerated, poorly directed aggressive responses of decorticate animals

Target Site concept

the idea that the aggressive and defensive behaviors of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own

What gives vaccination their prophylatic effect

the memory of the adaptive immune system

lateral nucleus of the amygdala

the nucleus of the amygdala that plays the major role in the acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear

Contextual fear conditioning

the process by which benign contexts come to elicit fear through their association with fear-inducing stimuli

Immunization

the process of creating immunity through vaccination

Inflammation is triggered by

the release of chemicals from damaged cells

Psyconeuroimmuniology

the study of interactions among psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system

James Lange theory

the theory that emotion inducing sensory stimuli are received and interpreted by the cortex which triggers visceral organs via the autonomic nervous system and in the skeletal muscles via the somatic nervous system. Autonomic and somatic responses trigger the experience of emotion in the brain

The Case of SP

the woman who could not perceive fear; had right amygdala and adjacent tissues removed for epilepsy treatment

What happens to subordinate male rodents who are continuously attacked by more dominant males?

they are morel likely to attack juveniles, have smaller testes, shorter life spans, lower blood levels of testosterone and higher blood levels of glucocorticoroids

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