Chapter 17

Copernicus's theory of the universe

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies

Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments

was opposed by both nobles and peasants

Rosseau believed that

women were best suited to a passive role in social relations

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

empiricism

In his essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that

human development is determined by education and society

The enlightened policies of Fredrick II of Prussia included all of the following except

freeing the Prussian serfs

In Persian Letters, what did the Baron de Montesquieu use to symbolize Eastern political tyranny

the oppression of women in a Persian harem

Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Copernicus's hypothesis

Calvin and Luther condemned Copernicus, while Catholic reaction was mild at first and only declared his hypothesis false in the 17th century

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresea

reduced nobles' power over their serfs

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for.

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late 18th century

Prussia, Russia, and Prussia

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1792 through

a coup of her husband Peter III