Chapter 17 Assignment

For which of the following activities are adrenaline and cortisol NOT responsible? strengthening our immune system improving our reflexes managing our sleep-wake cycle helping our memory

managing our sleep-wake cycle

Which of the following could be considered a stressor? losing your keys winning the lottery getting fired from your job All answer choices are correct

All answer choices are correct

Dr. Smith is examining a brain MRI from a patient who suffers from chronic stress. What would Dr. Smith likely find in this MRI? shrinkage of the prefrontal cortex shrinkage of the insula overproduction of white matter All answer choices are correct.

All answer choices are correct.

Which of the following statements is true? Active-behavioral and active-cognitive are two types of problem-solving strategies. Emotion-focused coping strategies are efforts to do something to ease stressful circumstances. Problem-solving strategies aim to protect an individual from the emotional consequences of stressful events. Avoidance is an example of a problem-solving strategy.

Active-behavioral and active-cognitive are two types of problem-solving strategies.

The hypothalamus is involved in burnout in which of the following ways? The hypothalamus becomes smaller, thus limiting its ability to produce hormones, such as cortisol. The hypothalamus becomes larger, thus limiting its ability to produce hormones, such as cortisol. As burnout continues, a negative cycle results where cortisol is not regulated appropriately and this impacts such functions as memory and emotions. As burnout continues, the hypothalamus becomes too deformed to be able to function properly in stressful situations.

As burnout continues, a negative cycle results where cortisol is not regulated appropriately and this impacts such functions as memory and emotions.

Which of the following is a result of the extreme stress Ben has experienced for the last three months? Ben has trouble distinguishing between different smells. Ben is not able to tell the difference anymore between the tones of certain sounds. Ben has difficulty differentiating between shades of red and green. Ben has trouble remembering things.

Ben has trouble remembering things.

Darnell has had type 1 diabetes. Which of the following might result from the negative effects of diabetes on his white matter? His emotions will be more difficult to regulate than for those without type 1 diabetes. His physical and mental reactions may be slower than of those without type 1 diabetes. His ability to regulate his thought processes will be more difficult than for those without type 1 diabetes. His white matter may become enlarged, thus cutting off some of the circulation to his extremities.

His physical and mental reactions may be slower than of those without type 1 diabetes.

What is the likely reason that Raphael, who has diabetes, may eventually lose some or all of his vision? His aqueous humor becomes infected due to inflammation allowing harmful bacteria or viruses to enter his eye. His lacrimal apparatus stops functioning properly due to inflammation and his eyes do not get bathed regularly in the fluid produced by these tear ducts. His unmanaged and unregulated blood sugar control leads to retinopathy. His optic nerve becomes damaged, which results in cataracts.

His unmanaged and unregulated blood sugar control leads to retinopathy.

Jane is experiencing chronic stress. Which of the following behaviors is she likely to display? Jane could not remember one of the three things she needed to buy for dinner once she arrived at the store. When interacting with family members, Jane is able to display extreme patience. Jane has trouble hearing her alarm clock in the mornings because she sleeps so deeply. When encountering new situations, Jane has an exceptional ability to remember people's names perfectly.

Jane could not remember one of the three things she needed to buy for dinner once she arrived at the store.

Paul is stressed out. His daughter is very ill. She is in the hospital and the doctors aren't sure what is wrong with her. How could Paul cope with his stress in an active-behavioral manner? Paul could join a support group with other parents who have seriously ill children. Paul could go and have a few drinks with friends just to get out of the hospital for a bit. Paul could focus on parents who have lost their children to help put the situation in perspective. Paul could increase the amount of time that he spends exercising to keep himself healthy.

Paul could join a support group with other parents who have seriously ill children.

Why might diabetes result in damage to the hippocampus, making storage and retrieval of long-term memories more problematic for people with diabetes? Poor regulation or management of blood sugar contributes to an enlarged hippocampus, which can damage the hippocampus. People with diabetes have decreased scores on intelligence questionnaires, thus showing damage to the hippocampus. Decreased astrocytes result in decreased circulation in the hippocampus. Increased glial cells result in decreased circulation in the hippocampus.

Poor regulation or management of blood sugar contributes to an enlarged hippocampus, which can damage the hippocampus.

Alicia came home from work today and seemed okay, but then found that she had lost the change from her change purse. It probably amounted to $2.00 or less, but she started sobbing and can't seem to stop crying. Her family doesn't understand what is wrong. Use your knowledge about stressors to help her family understand what probably happened. Which inference below is most appropriate? She's very worried about the economy and money problems, in general. She got up on "the wrong side of the bed." She had a hard day where a lot of different things went wrong. She is coming down with a cold or flu.

She had a hard day where a lot of different things went wrong.

On which factors does behavioral medicine focus? Social Factors Biomedical Factors Psychodynamic Factors Cognitive Factors Behavioral Factors

Social Factors Behavioral Factors

Which of the following statements about coping strategies is false? Depending on personality and the type of stressful event, individuals often favor one type of strategy over another. People might employ problem-focused coping to handle controllable stressors. Events that cannot be controlled, might prompt more emotion-focused coping. Stressors, such as failing a grade or a work performance issue, are likely to result in more emotion-focused coping.

Stressors, such as failing a grade or a work performance issue, are likely to result in more emotion-focused coping.

How is the medial prefrontal cortex negatively affected by burnout? Increases in glucoids create stronger bonds in some areas of the brain, while weakening those in the prefrontal cortex. Sustained increased levels of glucocorticoids negatively affect the medial prefrontal cortex, weakening neuronal communication abilities and also decreasing a person's ability to regulate their emotions. Decreases in glucoids weaken the medial prefrontal cortex by causing increased and more rapid neuronal communication, which causes confusion. Decreases in glucose cause strengthening of some neuronal transmissions in some parts of the brain, while strengthening others, making it more difficult for a person to regulate their emotions.

Sustained increased levels of glucocorticoids negatively affect the medial prefrontal cortex, weakening neuronal communication abilities and also decreasing a person's ability to regulate their emotions.

Since the amygdala is involved in regulating emotions such as fear and aggression, how does the amygdala relate to burnout? The amygdala is responsible for detecting threats, and repeated or prolonged exposure can lead to disruption in a person's ability to regulate their emotions. The amygdala is composed of gray matter, which becomes inflamed due to burnout. The amygdala is responsible for the fight-or-flight detection, and this is triggered so often through burnout that the amygdala becomes engorged. The amygdala is lacking energy due to the brain's use of glucose for other purposes.

The amygdala is responsible for detecting threats, and repeated or prolonged exposure can lead to disruption in a person's ability to regulate their emotions.

What impact does the protein TXNIP have on the hypothalamus in people with diabetes? TXNIP increases the desire and rate of exercise due to its influence on the neurons in the hypothalamus. TXNIP decreases the desire and rate of exercise due to is influence on the neurons in the hypothalamus. TXNIP causes inflammation in the hypothalamic neurons, resulting in better maintenance of glucose levels. The hypothalamus begins to excrete too many hormones, resulting in damage to other brain structures or glands.

The hypothalamus begins to excrete too many hormones, resulting in damage to other brain structures or glands.

What contributes to memory and attention lapses in those experiencing burnout? The increase in hormones, such as cortisol, leads to cortex thinning where executive functions of the brain are executed, such as memory and attention. The decrease in hormones, such as gonadotropins, leads to cortex strengthening where executive functions of the brain are executed, such as memory and attention. The decrease in hormones, such as cortisol, leads to damage of the pituitary and hypothalamus, where memories are stored. The increase in hormones, such as cortisol, leads to damage of the pituitary, where memories are formed and emotions are regulated.

The increase in hormones, such as cortisol, leads to cortex thinning where executive functions of the brain are executed, such as memory and attention.

What is the likely reason that gray matter is negatively impacted by diabetes? Uncontrolled blood sugar levels contribute to the decreased density in gray matter. High blood sugar contributes to the glial cells not getting enough nutrients. High blood sugar causes headaches and affects coordination, which means that too many nutrients are getting into the glial cells. The unmyelinated nerves become myelinated, causing the nerve cells to misfunction.

Uncontrolled blood sugar levels contribute to the decreased density in gray matter.

Which hormones are the brain designed to release under stress? melatonin and norepinephrine adrenaline and melatonin cortisol and melatonin adrenaline and cortisol

adrenaline and cortisol

Eddie is having a hard time in his classes. He is sure that he is failing math and he isn't sure how he will turn in his English term paper on term, which is worth half of his grade. Instead of working on his paper, Eddie has decided to go out to a party with his friends tonight. How would you classify Eddie's behavior? active-cognitive active-behavioral cognitive-behavioral avoidance

avoidance

When people respond to stressors, they use ____________ to balance things out. defense mechanisms coping strategies problem-base learning algorithms

coping strategies

Stressors can be categorized as annoying problems and major hassles. daily hassles and major life events. problems you can live with and problems you can't live with. events that make you angry and events that make you sad.

daily hassles and major life events.

Chronic stress, and the constant release of cortisol, causes neurons in the brain to shrink and change shape. die off. lose their connections with other neurons. stop producing neurotransmitters.

shrink and change shape.

Jeremy is an American soldier who is deployed in the Middle East. He is in the infantry and is consistently exposed to dangerous situations and firefights. This constant stress is demanding on his mind and body, so his brain and body change in response. What body system is implicated in driving many of these changes? the immune system the circulatory system the endocrine system the digestive system

the endocrine system

The Life Events Stress Scale can predict the date of your death. which stresses will most likely effect you in your lifetime. the likelihood that you will contract a stress-related illness. the likelihood that you will pass on serious problems, like ulcers or migraines, to your children.

the likelihood that you will contract a stress-related illness.

What is a telomere? the division of a chromosome the 23rd pair of chromosomes the protective coating at the end of chromosomes the protective coating of the nucleus in a chromosome

the protective coating at the end of chromosomes