Chapter 17 Endocrine System Vocab

Hypothyroidism

(cretinism) Low metabolism

How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?: a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 6

0

Functions of endocrine system:

1. Communicates with cells using chemicals (hormones) 2. Actions are precise and only affect the target cells 3. Activate genes

Triiodothyronine- (T3- 3 iodine)

5x more potent than T4; regulates metabolism of carbs, lipids, proteins,; increase rate cells release energy

Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true?: a. It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx. b. The parathyroid glands are embedded within it. c. It manufactures three hormones. d. all of the above

All of the above

Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance?: a. adrenocorticotropic hormone b. antidiuretic hormone c. luteinizing hormone d. all of the above

Antiduretic hormone

Thymus gland

Between lungs and under sternum; secretes thymosins- affect production and differentiation of T-lymphocytes (immunity)

Athletes may take synthetic EPO to boost their ________.: a. blood calcium levels b. secretion of growth hormone c. blood oxygen levels d. muscle mass

Blood oxygen levels

Compare and contrast the role of estrogens and progesterone.

Both estrogens and progesterone are steroid hormones produced by the ovaries that help regulate the menstrual cycle. Estrogens play an important role in the development of the female reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics. They also help maintain pregnancy. Progesterone prepares the body for pregnancy and helps maintain pregnancy.

Antiduretic hormone (ADH)

Causes kidneys to conserve water; regulated by amount of water in body fluids; inhibited by alcohol and caffeine

Hypothalamus

Controls anterior pituitary gland's release of hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones

Thyroxine (T4)

Creates metabolism

In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes ________.: a. increased tolerance for cold b. decreased basal metabolic rate c. decreased body fat d. osteoporosis

Decreased basal metabolic rate

Kidneys

Decreased blood flow causes release of renin which stimulates reabsorption of sodium and water and increases blood flow and pressure

Steroids

Derived from lipid cholesterol, lipid-soluble and can pass through cell membrane and last longer; estrogen and testosterone

Describe the role of placental secretion of relaxin in preparation for childbirth.

Describe the role of placental secretion of relaxin in preparation for childbirth.

Hormones produced by the thymus play a role in the ________.: a. development of T cells b. preparation of the body for childbirth c. regulation of appetite d. release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Development of T cells

A final thought

Endocrine disorders are common in cancer patients because cancer cells can secrete hormones inappropriately

Why is foot care extremely important for people with diabetes mellitus?

Excessive blood glucose levels damage the blood vessels and nerves of the body's extremities, increasing the risk for injury, infection, and tissue death. Loss of sensation to the feet means that a diabetic patient will not be able to feel foot trauma, such as from ill-fitting shoes. Even minor injuries commonly lead to infection, which , can progress to tissue death without proper care, requiring amputation.

Hyperglycemia

Excessive glucose

The production of melatonin is inhibited by ________.: a. declining levels of light b. exposure to bright light c. the secretion of serotonin d. the activity of pinealocytes

Exposure to bright light

Which of the following statements about insulin is true?: a. Insulin acts as a transport protein, carrying glucose across the cell membrane. b. Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane. c. Insulin stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose. d. Insulin stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb glucose into the bloodstream.

Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane

The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?: a. thyroid b. liver c. kidneys d. hypothalamus

Kidneys

Renal

On top of

Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________.: a. autocrine b. paracrine c. endocrine d. neuron

Paracrine

What cells secrete melatonin?: a. melanocytes b. pinealocytes c. suprachiasmatic nucleus cells d. retinal cells

Pinealocytes

The function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to ________.: a. prepare the breasts for lactation b. nourish the placenta c. regulate the menstrual cycle d. all of the above

Prepare the breasts for lactation

Adipose tissue

Produce leptin in response to food consumption binds to brain receptors producing a feeling of satiety

Skin

Produces inactive form of vitamin D when exposed to UV light

Which of the following responses s not part of the fight-or-flight response?: a. pupil dilation b. increased oxygen supply to the lungs c. suppressed digestion d. reduced mental activity

Reduced mental activity

Calcitonin

Regulates concentration of blood calcium and phosphate

Skeleton

Releases FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23) in response to increased blood levels of vitamin D phosphate

Exocrine gland

Secretes outside the body (sweat glands)

The gonads produce what class of hormones?: a. amine hormones b. peptide hormones c. steroid hormones d. catecholamines

Steroid hormones

Growth hormone (GH)

Stimulates body cells to grow and reproduce; speeds up rate cells use carbs and fats, moves amino acids into cells; "anabolic"-promotes protein synthesis

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

Stress; "fight or flight"- increases heart rate, breathing, blood pressure and blood glucose; decreases digestive activities

Amine hormones

Synthesized from amino acids

Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?: a. ADH b. oxytocin c. TSH d. cortisol

TSH

The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________.: a. TSH from the hypothalamus b. TSH from the anterior pituitary c. thyroxine from the anterior pituitary d. thyroglobulin from the thyroid's parafollicular cells

TSH from the anterior pituitary

Endocrinology

The field of medicine that focuses on treatment of endocrine disorders

Compare and contrast the thymus gland in infancy and adulthood

The thymus gland is important for the development and maturation of T cells. During infancy and early childhood, the thymus gland is large and very active, as the immune system is still developing. During adulthood, the thymus gland atrophies because the immune system is already developed.

Hormones

are precisely controlled via negative feedback, positive feedback, and nerve control

Anabolic Steroids

synthetic testosterone. Negative side effects: Can increase cholesterol levels(LDL), can increase blood pressure, can damage the liver

Heart

Increased blood volume or pressure stretches atrial wall which then secrete ANP

Cortisol (steroid)

Influences metabolism of glucose, proteins and fat in response to conditions that stress the body and require increase energy

Endocrinologist

Medical doctors who specialize in this field- experts in treating diseases associated with hormonal systems, ranging from thyroid disease to diabetes mellitus

Posterior pituitary hormones

Nerve fibers, not epithelial tissue

Pancreas

Secretes hormones as an endocrine gland; secretes digestive juices as an exocrine gland; elongated, posterior to stomach (part of digestive system too)

True or false: Neurotransmitters are a special class of paracrines. Explain your answer.

True. Neurotransmitters can be classified as paracrines because, upon their release from a neuron's axon terminals, they travel across a microscopically small cleft to exert their effect on a nearby neuron or muscle cell.

A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?: a. humoral b. hormonal c. neural d. positive feedback

Neural

Endocrine glands_______ a. secrete hormones that travel through a duct to the target organs b. release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft c. secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream d. include sebaceous glands and sweat glands

Secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream

Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands.

Endocrine glands are ductless. They release their secretion into the surrounding fluid, from which it enters the bloodstream or lymph to travel to distant cells. Moreover, the secretions of endocrine glands are hormones. Exocrine glands release their secretions through a duct that delivers the secretion to the target location. Moreover, the secretions of exocrine glands are not hormones, but compounds that have an immediate physiologic function. For example, pancreatic juice contains enzymes that help digest food.

Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism?: a. increased bone deposition b. fractures c. convulsions d. all of the above

Fractures

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (FSH, LH)

Gonadotropins-influence gonads (reproductive hormones)

Hyperthyroidism

High metabolism, underweight, and protruding eyes; abnormally elevated blood level of thyroid hormones; can be caused by a tumor or Graves' disease

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Increase blood calcium and decreases phosphate

The end result of the RAAS is to ________.: a. reduce blood volume b. increase blood glucose c. reduce blood pressure d. increase blood pressure

Increase blood pressure

The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?: a. estrogens b. progesterone c. relaxin d. inhibin

Inhibin

Distinguish between the effects of menopause and andropause on fertility.

Menopause occurs as the result of a progressive decline in the function of the ovaries, resulting in low estrogen and progesterone levels. Ovulation ceases, and postmenopausal woman can no longer conceive a child. In contrast, andropause is a much more gradual and subtle decline in testosterone levels and functioning. A man typically maintains fertility until very old age, although the quantity, quality, and motility of the sperm he produces may be reduced.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder characterized by, among other symptoms, increased appetite, sluggishness, and increased sleepiness. It occurs most commonly during the winter months, especially in regions with long winter nights. Propose a role for melatonin in SAD and a possible non-drug therapy.

SAD is thought to occur in part because low levels and duration of sunlight allow excessive and prolonged secretion of melatonin. Light therapy—daytime exposure to very bright lighting—is one common therapy.

When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.: a. urinary excretion of calcium by the kidneys b. a reduction in calcium absorption from the intestines c. the activity of osteoblasts d. the activity of osteoclasts

The activity of osteoclasts

What would be the physiological consequence of a disease that destroyed the beta cells of the pancreas?

The beta cells produce the hormone insulin, which is important in the regulation of blood glucose levels. All insulin-dependent cells of the body require insulin in order to take up glucose from the bloodstream. Destruction of the beta cells would result in an inability to produce and secrete insulin, leading to abnormally high blood glucose levels and the disease called type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Describe several main differences in the communication methods used by the endocrine system and the nervous system.

The endocrine system uses chemical signals called hormones to convey information from one part of the body to a distant part of the body. Hormones are released from the endocrine cell into the extracellular environment, but then travel in the bloodstream to target tissues. This communication and response can take seconds to days. In contrast, neurons transmit electrical signals along their axons. At the axon terminal, the electrical signal prompts the release of a chemical signal called a neurotransmitter that carries the message across the synaptic cleft to elicit a response in the neighboring cell. This method of communication is nearly instantaneous, of very brief duration, and is highly specific.

Compare and contrast the short-term and long-term stress response

The short-term stress response involves the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which work to increase the oxygen supply to organs important for extreme muscular action such as the brain, lungs, and muscles. In the long-term stress response, the hormone cortisol is involved in catabolism of glycogen stores, proteins, and triglycerides, glucose and ketone synthesis, and downregulation of the immune system.