Chapter 17-Give Me Liberty!

William Jennings Bryan

1896 election candidate that was supported by both the Populists and Democrats. He was a 36 year old congressman from Nebraska. Called for the free coinage of silvery, or the unrestricted minting of silvery money. Was a follower of the Social Gospel

Gentlemen's Agreement

1907 agreement between the United States and Japan that restricted Japanese immigration

"cross of gold" speech

A speech by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

Gold Standard Act

Act Signed by McKinley in 1900 saying that all paper money must be backed by gold at a fixed rate. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Eliminated silver coins in circulation and restricted paper money in circulation.

Ida B. Wells

Activist that argued against the Lynching of Sam Hose, saying that the Rape Allegations against him were false. She was chased out of town for what she said.

AFL

American Federation of Labor. Founded by Sam Gompers. Believed that unions should devote themselves to fighting for higher wages and better working conditions. Restrained their membership to skilled workers.

"new immigrants"

Americans who entered the US coming from Southern and Eastern Europe. Described as being members of a distinct race.

Frank L. Baum.

Author of Wizard of Oz. His work is said to symbolize the election of 1896. Emerald City is DC, Wizards of Oz is McKinley, and the Yellow Brick Road (Color of Gold) represents the only way to get there. Wicked witches represent mine owners and industrialists.

Australian ballot

Ballot that would be cast in secret that was meant to protect voters privacy, and ensure illiterates couldn't vote. Adopted by several states during the late 1890s

Coxey's Army

Band of several hundred unemployed men who were angry about job market. Led by Jacob Coxey. Federal government sent in the military to break up this protest!

Battle of Manila Bay

Battle that took place in Philippine Islands between US and Spain on May 1. Lead by Admiral George Dewey, the US defeated Spain. Was the First battle where American Soldiers were engaged in combat not in Western Hemisphere.

Social Gospel

Belief that called for support of poor people.

Pullman IL

Company owned town where railroad sleeping cars were manufactured. Called for a protest of low wages for workers. Members of American Railway Union protested their cars. President Cleveland ordered workers back to work.

poll tax

Designed by southern states to prevent blacks from voting. Was a fee that people who intended to vote had to pay.

convict labor

Due to the redeemers creating laws that made it very easy to send people to jail, renting out of convicts became popular, meaning that people in jail could be given to private businesses. Railroads, mines and lumber companies used this for cheap labor. For these people conditions were bad and death rates were high.

front porch campaign

During the election of 1896, William McKinley stayed in his home to campaign. He gave speeches from his front porch and people came from all around to see him speak at his home.

William Randolph Hearst

Editor of the New York Journal, known for yellow press.

Joseph Pulitzer

Editor of the New York World, practiced Yellow Press.

Populists

Evolved from the Farmers' Alliance, also known as the People's Party. Appealed to "the producing classes". Would win support from miners and those who used to be in Knights of Labor. Would publish many pamphlets and newspapers. Goals were to get people elected who would support farmers.

Colored Farmers' Alliance

Formed by Blacks in the South who thought that the Farmers Alliance branches in the South were unwelcome. Organized a strike of cotton pickers on plantations in 1891.

Pap Singleton

Former fugitive slave that promoted "The exodus". He called for blacks to head to kansas for economic prosperity. He did this by disturbing flyers and lithographs that showed Kansas as a land of opportunity.

Immigration Restriction League

Founded in 1894 in Boston. Was a league that called for reduction of immigration by requiring literacy test for those wanting to enter the US. Would be vetoed by President Clevlend.

Samuel Gompers

Founder of the AFL

Booker T. Washington

Gave speech at the Atlanta Cotton Exposition urging blacks to adjust to segregation and abandon agitation. He was a slave, who would study at the Hampton Institute. He believed that obtaining jobs was more important than rights of citizenship. He would be made head of the Tuskegee Institute.

annexation of Hawaii

Hawaii was brought into the US.

free silver

Idea by William Bryan to use silver for money, he wanted to increase the amount of money in circulation. Liked by farmers who liked inflation, but not by banks.

"yellow press"

Idea started by Will Hearts, that would sensitize stories to make them desirable to the masses of people. Used by the press to start a war when the USS Maine blew up.

San Juan Hill

Largest Land battle of the Spanish American War. Took place in Cuba. Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders to victory.

Age of Imperialism

Last quarter of the 19th century, an age where countries took over other countries to expand.

Frances Willard

Leader of the WCTU, wanted to educative on alcohol and get females the right to vote.

Rough Riders

Led by Teddy Roosevelt, was a volunteer army that had athletes from Ivy League colleges, western cowboys, immigrants, and indians, but blacks were NOT allowed.

Dwight Moody

Methodist evangelist that sent more than 8,000 missionaries across the globe.

Coeur d'Alene

Mining district in Idaho. In 1892 Martial law was declared here when a streak occurred.

lynching

Murdering by a mob. From 1883 to 1905 this happened to more than 50 black men. By 1950 this was at 5000. Some occurred in the dead of night, others were advertised in advance and watchers came.

William McKinley

Ohio Govenor nominated for president in 1896 by Republican Party. Would campaign from his house. Would win the presidency.

Mary Elizabeth Lease

One of the first lawyers that was Female in Kansas. Advocated for Woman's Rights.

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Organization led by Carrie Chapman Catt that tried to get woman the right to vote.

Farmers' Alliance

Organization of farmers founded in the late 19th century that wanted to improve their working condition. Expanded to 43 states by 1890. Attempted to improve rural conditions, wanted governments to create warehouses for farmers to store their crops. Eventually evolved into the Populists

"grandfather clause"

Passed in 6 southern states was a clause that said those who were descendants of people who voted before the war were except from poll taxes and literacy tests. Would be shut down by the Supreme Court in 1915.

Lewis Hine

Photographer who used his pictures to draw attention to social problems such as child labor and the poor living conditions.

"separate but equal"

Phrase used by the supreme court used in the Plessy v Ferguson case that said that segregation was legal as long as they were equal. Used as basis for segregation laws.

Open Door Policy

Policy by US Secretary of State John Hay which would give all countries equal opportunities to trade in China.

Tom Watson

Populist in Georgia that worked to forge a black white alliance.

Eugene V. Debs

President of the American Railway Strike. Was jailed for violating judicial order. Would be released from Prision in Nov 1895.

Carrie Chapman Catt

President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association that wanted to get woman the right to vote.

James Weaver

Presidential candidate in 1892 that was a popularist. Received more than 1 million votes and got 22 electoral votes.

New South

Promise made by Atlanta newspaper editor Henry Grady that called for an era of industrial expansion and agricultural diversification. From this white planters, merchants and industrialists prospered but the region as a whole sank into poverty.

Platt Amendment

Said that America could intervene in Cuba whenever they deemed fit and Gave the US Access to Guantanamo bay.

Teller Amendment

Said that when the US won the war with Spain, Cuba would not be controlled by the US and instead would be free.

USS Maine

Ship that exploded caused by an accident. This explosion was blamed on Spain by the press and Yellow Press was used to start a war with the Spanish.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Started in 1892, did not allow Chinese immigrants to enter the country.

Plessy v Ferguson

Supreme Court Case in 1896 that approved for Separation of Blacks and Whites as long as they were "separate but equal". Used as a basis for discrimination laws.

In Re Debs (1894)

Supreme Court Case that confirmed sentences given to those in Labor unions and approved the use injunctions against those striking

Insular Cases

Supreme Court decision that said that the United States constitution did NOT fully apply to those in territories acquired by the US.

sharecropping

System that locked millions of tenant farmers into perpetual poverty. Was an agreement that required sharing of profits.

"Seward's icebox"

Term that referred territory of Alaska purchased from the Russians by Secretary of State Will Seward.

literacy test

Test given to those wanting to vote to see if they were literate and could read. Needed to pass in order to vote.

Philippine War

The U.S. became involved in the war between the Philippines and the Spanish. After the Spanish were defeated, U.S stayed in the Philippines

"women's era"

Three decades in which woman's roles in society increased. Woman got control over their wages, ability to make their own wills and control over their property

Guantanamo Bay

US base in Cuba, set forth by the Platt Amendment

Admiral George Dewey

US naval officer that led the Battle of Manilla Bay.

American Railway Union

Union of 150,000 railway workers that protested working conditions and boycotted handle trains from pullmann il. This crippled nationwide rail service. Federal Troops and US marshals were sent in which resulted in 34 people dying. Lead by Eugene V. Debs

"test case"

When blacks in Louisiana were upset that there were separate train cars, they had Homer Plessy refuse to leave a white train car, and he was arrested, creating a supreme court.

WCTU

Women's Christian Temperance Union, was the era's largest female organization, with over 150,000 members. At first they wanted to ban alcohol, but soon also fought for the right to vote. Were lead by Frances Willard

Foraker Act

gave the US direct control over and power to set up a government in Puerto Rico

"money question"

Bryand demanded for the use of Silver as the currency. He believed that this would raise the prices farmers received for their crops and make it easier for them to pay off their loans.

Tuskegee Institute

Built by Booker T Washington to educate training for jobs for blacks.

Mark Hanna

Campaign manager for William McKinely that helped him win by creating campaign posters, buttons and pamphlets that were seen nationwide.

Redeemers

Coalition of merchants, planters and business entrepreneurs that dominated the South's Politics after 1877, because they claimed they were saving the south from "Black Rule". Tried to undo reconstruction by cutting state budgets and closing hospitals. Black schools suffered. Led to convict labor