Chapter 17 Homework

Scientists commonly use radial immunodiffusion testing to - inactivate an endogenous bacterial toxin. - measure the concentration of specific antibodies in a person's serum. - diagnose infections by specific strains of viruses. - diagnose HIV. - diagnose tuberculosis because the diameter of the wheel corresponds to the severity of the infection.

measure the concentration of specific antibodies in a person's serum.

Vaccines that contain attenuated microbes are also known as ________.

modified live vaccines

Modern vaccine technology can involve inserting the DNA encoding the pathogen's antigen(s) into a(n) __________ vector and injecting it into an individual.

plasmid

A vaccine is currently available against which of the following microbes? - HIV - poliovirus - the bacterium that causes leprosy - the protozoan that causes malaria - Ebola virus

poliovirus

Passive immunotherapy is used when - the microorganism can be genetically manipulated. - a representative antigen for the microbe cannot be isolated. - the pathogen does not produce a toxin. - the attenuated live vaccine is too difficult to produce. - protection against a recent infection or disease is needed immediately.

protection against a recent infection or disease is needed immediately.

A(n) __________ vaccine to prevent cervical cancer was recently developed. - subunit - recombinant - attenuated - inactivated whole - toxoid

recombinant

The study and diagnosis of antigen-antibody interactions in the blood is known as - immunology. - histology. - hematology. - serology. - cytology.

serology

Pneumococcal pneumonia can be prevented using a(n) __________ vaccine. - attenuated - inactivated whole - subunit - toxoid - recombinant

subunit

In precipitation tests, maximum precipitation takes place when - the amount of the antibody and the amount of the antigen are at optimal proportions. - a complex solution of many antibodies is used. - the amount of the antibody exceeds the amount of the antigen. - a toxin is present. - the amount of the antigen exceeds the amount of the antibody.

the amount of the antibody and the amount of the antigen are at optimal proportions.

Killed vaccines work by stimulating - cytotoxic T cells. - the production of antibodies. - the cell-mediated immune response. - lymphocyte proliferation. - the action of Th1 cells.

the production of antibodies.

Which of the following is the technique used for detecting antibodies against multiple antigens in a complex mixture? - hemagglutination inhibition test - the Ouchterlony test - the western blot test - the direct fluorescent antibody test - the ELISA

the western blot test

Which of the following tests is used to verify the presence of antibodies against the HIV virus? - the complement fixation test - the fluorescent antibody test - an antibody neutralization test - the western blot test - electrophoresis only

the western blot test

One way to measure the antibody levels in the blood is by ________ using agglutination tests

titration

Variolation was first used - to spread smallpox throughout the Native American populations. - to immunize the Chinese against smallpox. - for research purposes in the 20th century. - to treat individuals exposed to hepatitis. - to protect individuals against the plague during the Middle Ages.

to immunize the Chinese against smallpox.

The vaccine to prevent tetanus is a(n) __________ vaccine. - recombinant - toxoid - subunit - attenuated - inactivated whole

toxoid

To vaccinate children against the bacterial infection diphtheria, pure diphtheria toxin is chemically modified and injected as a vaccine. This is an example of which type of vaccine? - subunit vaccine - attenuated whole agent vaccine - inactivated whole agent vaccine - toxoid vaccine

toxoid vaccine

Chemically or thermally modified toxins that are used for vaccination are called __________.

toxoids

Deliberate infection of young children with particles of ground smallpox scabs from children who had survived mild cases of smallpox was known as ________.

variolation

A(n) __________ assay is effective in verifying influenza infections. - immunodiffusion precipitation - western blot - direct fluorescent antibody - viral neutralization - viral hemagglutination inhibition

viral hemagglutination inhibition

A(n) __________ assay is used to detect hantavirus. - immunodiffusion precipitation - western blot - viral hemagglutination inhibition - direct fluorescent antibody - viral neutralization

viral neutralization

Viral neutralization testing is based on the fact that - antibodies to certain microbes can be given a fluorescent label. - antibodies have different molecular weights. - viruses introduced into appropriate cell cultures have a cytopathic effect. - antibodies can be produced against the toxin of a pathogen. - the gene for a pathogen's antigen can be isolated and introduced into a host cell by way of a plasmid.

viruses introduced into appropriate cell cultures have a cytopathic effect.

Exposure to HIV can be verified using a(n) __________ assay. - western blot - direct fluorescent antibody - viral hemagglutination inhibition - viral neutralization - immunodiffusion precipitation

western blot

What is the function of boosters? - Boosters are the highly antigenic portions of the conjugated vaccines. - Boosters are vaccines containing no pathogenic portions of the pathogen. - Boosters help to kill the pathogens used in inactivated killed vaccines. - Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.

Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.

What does a vaccine contain? - T cells against a pathogen - Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen - Live active pathogens -B cells against a pathogen

Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen

The complement fixation test uses red blood cells as the target for complement activation. Test serum containing antibodies is combined with a known amount of antigen in a tube, and then the RBCs and antibodies against the RBCs are added. A positive result for the complement fixation test would be - a cloudy solution in the tube. - loss of color in the tube. - a line of precipitate near the bottom of the tube. - a solution that is clear due to precipitation of RBCs. - a fluorescent precipitate.

a cloudy solution in the tube.

Tuberculosis may be diagnosed using - immunoelectrophoresis. - a viral hemagglutination test. - complement fixation. - a western blot test. - a direct fluorescent antibody test.

a direct fluorescent antibody test.

What type of vaccine is the hepatitis B vaccine? - inactivated whole pathogen - a vaccine composed of only a single antigen of the hepatitis virus - toxoid vaccine - a vaccine produced by treating the virus with formaldehyde - attenuated vaccine

a vaccine composed of only a single antigen of the hepatitis virus

which of the following tests is most effective in determining whether someone has been infected with the H1N1 influenza virus? - an antibody titer test - a western blot - a viral neutralization test - an immunodiffusion test - a viral hemagglutination test

a viral hemagglutination test

What is the most efficient and cost-effective way to control infectious diseases? - variolation - active immunization by vaccination - autoimmunization - passive immunotherapy using immunoglobulins - immune testing

active immunization by vaccination

a person who has been exposed to rabies receives both HRIG (human rabies immunoglobulin) injected near the bite site and the rabies vaccine. What does this strategy represent? - active immunization - passive immunotherapy - passive immunotherapy combined with viral hemagglutination inhibition - viral hemagglutination inhibition - active immunization combined with passive immunotherapy

active immunization combined with passive immunotherapy

Materials that are added to a vaccine to increase the effective antigenicity are known as ________.

adjuvants

Antivenin is - an antitoxin used to treat snakebites. - a vaccine made toward the endotoxin of a virus. - an antigen produced from a virus. - an antiserum produced from hybridomas. - a vaccine produced against the endotoxin of a bacterium.

an antitoxin used to treat snakebites.

A woman uses a home pregnancy test kit that tests for hCG hormone in urine. She knows this is a type of antibody assay from the kit brochure. Antibodies reacting with the hormone produce two lines on the test strip. What specific type of immunoassay does this represent? - an immunochromatographic assay - an Ouchterlony test - a complement fixation test - an ELISA - a neutralization assay

an immunochromatographic assay

Almost a century after Edward Jenner introduced successful vaccination, Louis Pasteur developed vaccine(s) against - anthrax. - human cholera. - anthrax and rabies. - influenza. - rabies.

anthrax and rabies.

Antisera directed against toxins are known as ________.

antitoxins

A microbe antigenically similar to human pathogen but incapable of causing disease in humans is a good candidate for use as a live __________ vaccine.

attenuated

A(n) __________ vaccine is used in some parts of the world to reduce the spread of tuberculosis. - toxoid - inactivated whole - subunit - recombinant - attenuated

attenuated

Raising viruses for numerous generations can produce a(n) ________ form of the virus.

attenuated

The vaccine against smallpox developed by Edward Jenner is an example of a(n) __________ vaccine. - whole inactivated - attenuated - combination. - subunit - toxoid

attenuated

BCG is a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The vaccine is composed of a live Mycobacterium bovis variant called bacillus of Calmette and Guérin. This is an example of which type of vaccine? - toxoid vaccine - subunit vaccine - attenuated whole agent vaccine - inactivated whole agent vaccine

attenuated whole agent vaccine

Because attenuated live vaccines contain viruses that are less virulent, many booster vaccines must be given to produce an effective immune response. - True - False

False

In the body, phagocytic cells easily remove small immune complexes. - True - False

False

The "sandwich" ELISA is used to quantify the amount of antibody in a serum sample. - True - False

False

The Ouchterlony test is a type of complement fixation test used to identify antibodies. - True - False

False

The virulence of the rabies virus is increased by prolonged culture in rabbit spinal cells. - True - False

False

Patients can receive one of two different types of influenza vaccine, both of which use whole viruses. The nasal spray uses live virus and is an example of a(n) ________ vaccine, while the injection uses killed virus and is an example of a(n)___________ vaccine. - inactivated whole agent, attenuated whole agent - attenuated whole agent, subunit - subunit, attenuated whole agent - attenuated whole agent, inactivated whole agent

attenuated whole agent, inactivated whole agent

When vaccines do not provide lifelong immunity, __________ must be given to maintain protection.

boosters

The type of ELISA that is an indirect assay - detects the presence of a particular antibody. - is used as a second verification test for HIV. - involves an antigen "sandwiched" between two antibodies. - uses a fluorescent label. - relies on the presence of complement.

detects the presence of a particular antibody.

Titration is a serological procedure that - identifies the causative microbe of an infectious disease. - has been replaced by genetic engineering in isolating the antigen of a pathogen. - determines the amount of an antibody in the blood. - must be done before the western blot test to diagnose HIV. - is used for blood grouping.

determines the amount of an antibody in the blood.

Rabies virus can be detected using a(n) __________ assay. - direct fluorescent antibody - western blot - immunodiffusion precipitation - viral neutralization - viral hemagglutination inhibition

direct fluorescent antibody

Which of the following substances is commonly used to inactivate microbes? - formaldehyde - mineral oil - aluminum phosphate - saponin - aluminum

formaldehyde

Hybridomas are produced by - repeated culture of a pathogen until it loses its virulence. - fusing plasma cells with myeloma cells. - combining two bacterial infected cells. - combining two virus-infected cells. - combining a viral infected cell with a bacterial infected cell.

fusing plasma cells with myeloma cells.

Pathogens may be attenuated for use in vaccines by - genetic manipulation coupled with treatment with formaldehyde. - genetic manipulation. - treatment with formaldehyde. - genetic manipulation and/or raising the pathogen for several generations in tissue culture cells. - raising the pathogen for several generations in tissue culture cells.

genetic manipulation and/or raising the pathogen for several generations in tissue culture cells.

The fusion of antibody-producing plasma cells with cancerous cells produces ________ that divide continuously.

hybridomas

The Ouchterlony test is a double __________ test.

immunodiffusion

Which of the following diagnostic procedures depends on precipitation of an antigen-antibody complex? - blood typing - immunodiffusion - fluorescent antibody tests - ELISA - viral hemagglutination inhibition tests used to diagnose viral infections

immunodiffusion

Infection with the fungus Coccidiodes immitis can be diagnosed using a(n) __________ assay. direct fluorescent antibody viral hemagglutination inhibition western blot immunodiffusion precipitation viral neutralization

immunodiffusion precipitation

A(n) ________ assay uses antibodies bound on the surface of a membrane filter to detect antigens.

immunofiltration

The discovery and use of ________ have greatly decreased the mortality and morbidity of infectious diseases. - interferons - chemotaxic substances - interleukins - antitoxoids - immunoglobulins

immunoglobulins

Immunization with __________ vaccines results in primarily an antibody-mediated immune response.

inactivated

The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n) - toxoid vaccine. - conjugated vaccine. - DNA vaccine. - inactivated killed vaccine.

inactivated killed vaccine.

An infectious disease researcher isolates the pathogen responsible for an emerging disease. The microbe is grown in the lab for many generations. A preparation of the laboratory-grown microbe is treated with ionizing radiation and then tested for its potential as a vaccine. What type of vaccine is this? - combination vaccine - inactivated whole - toxoid vaccine - subunit vaccine - attenuated vaccine

inactivated whole

Louis Pasteur developed a(n) __________ vaccine to prevent anthrax. - recombinant - attenuated - toxoid - inactivated whole - subunit

inactivated whole

An adjuvant is a substance that - is used to inactivate a microbe in a vaccine. - is used to decrease the inflammatory reaction to a vaccine. - delays the action of the vaccine. - is a piece of a microbe that is representative of the entire microorganism. - increases the effective antigenicity of a pathogen.

increases the effective antigenicity of a pathogen.

Infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be detected in specimens by the - direct fluorescent antibody test. - indirect fluorescent antibody test. - hemagglutination test. - ELISA test. - complement fixation test.

indirect fluorescent antibody test.

OPV, the attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine, is no longer administered in the U.S.A. because - it is very toxic. - it does not provide good immunity. - it can revert to the wild-type strain. - the site of administration remains sore for many days after administration. - it can cause severe anaphylaxis in some individuals.

it can revert to the wild-type strain.

Which of the following statements regarding an inactivated vaccine is FALSE? - It can be produced from antigenic fragments of a pathogen. - It can be produced with deactivated whole microorganisms. - It is made from mutated forms of the pathogen. - It is made from pathogens that cannot replicate. - It is safer than an attenuated vaccine.

It is made from mutated forms of the pathogen.

Which of the following statements regarding variolation is FALSE? - It was risk free. - It was administered to children as early as the 12th century. - At the time no one knew how it worked. - It involves grinding smallpox scabs

It was risk free.

When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later? - Memory cytotoxic T cells - Helper T cells - Bacterial pathogens - Memory B cells

Memory cytotoxic T cells

The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine? - Subunit vaccine - Toxoid vaccine - DNA vaccine - Inactivated killed vaccine

Subunit vaccine

What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine? - They contain only the non-pathogenic elements of a pathogen, not the entire cell. - They contain the DNA from a pathogenic virus. - These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.

These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.

Which of the following statements regarding ELISAs is true? - They can be used to detect antibody or antigen. - They involve the use of membrane filters. - They require large amounts of serum. - The antibody label is a fluorescent molecule. - They are very labor intensive.

They can be used to detect antibody or antigen.

Which of the following statements regarding toxoids is FALSE? -They are produced against the toxin of the microorganism rather than the microorganism itself. - They provide lifelong immunity. - They are chemically or thermally modified. - They have few antigenic determinants. - They stimulate antibody-mediated immune responses.

They provide lifelong immunity.

Complement fixation is a more sensitive test than agglutination. - True - False

True

Edward Jenner was the physician who first used cowpox to vaccinate individuals against smallpox. - True - False

True

For some bacterial diseases such as tetanus, it is more effective to produce an immune response against the bacterial toxin than against the bacteria. True False

True

Scientists commonly use radial immunodiffusion to measure the concentration of specific antibodies. - True - False

True

The process of reducing the virulence of a microbe is known as attenuation. - True - False

True

What is the primary benefit of vaccination? - Unvaccinated persons can never mount an immune response to a pathogen. - Vaccines provide antibodies against the pathogen that persist forever in the body. - An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen. - Vaccinated persons get used to the symptoms of a disease.

An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen.

________ are used to treat snakebites.

Antivenins

Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease? - Toxoid vaccine and inactivated killed vaccine - Toxoid vaccine - Attenuated live vaccine - Inactivated killed vaccine

Attenuated live vaccine