Chapter 17 Learn Smart
place the events of the diagram in order:
- lipid-soluble hormone binds to intracellular receptor - hormone-receptor complex binds with hormone-response element - mRNA is synthesized - mRNA is translated into a new protein
gestational diabetes
-occurs typically in the later half of the pregnancy -can pose a risk to the fetus and pose delivery complications
Place the events in order
1. Hypothalamus releases CRH 2. Anterior pituitary releases ACTH 3. Adrenal cortex releases cortisol
Place the events in order
1. Hypothalamus releases TRH 2. Anterior pituitary releases TSH 3. Thyroid releases TH
Thyrotropin- releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli
A decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood Low body temperature
Which of the following hormones are made in the hypothalamus?
ADH- prod in the hypothalamus even though it is released through the posterior pituitary Oxytocin- prod in the hypothalamus even though it is released through the posterior pituitary
Lipid soluble hormones travel in the blood joined to a protein carrier and are thus called
Bound hormones
type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or
Decreased insulin effectiveness.
As a mixed, or heterocrine gland, the pancreas has both _____ & _____ which functions
Endocrine, Exocrine
identify which are ways that hormones are eliminated from the bloodstream
Excretion by the kidneys, Degradation by enzymes
In acromegaly, the individual doesn't grow in height, but the bones of the ______, ______, and ______ enlarge and widen.
Feet Face Hands.
which is reduced as a consequence of an aging endocrine system?
GH levels, sex hormone levels, muscle mass
When a water soluble hormone binds to its target cell the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemicals reactions can result in which of the following?
Growth Activation of enzyme pathways Increased secretions
______ stimulates cell growth and cell division specifically in bones and muscles
Growth hormone.
The effects of hyperthyroidism result in which of the following characteristics
HyperactivityWeight lossIncreased metabolic rate
Place in the correct order: Hypothalamus releases CRH, Adrenal cortex releases cortisol, Anterior pituitary releases ACTH
Hypothalamus releases CRH, Anterior pituitary releases ACTH, Adrenal cortex releases cortisol
If one is administered high doses of corticosterone, they may experience which of the following side effects?
Immunisuppression
Elevated levels of glucagon result in which of the following?
Increased lipolysis Increased blood sugar levels Increased glycogenolysis
Thyroid hormone have which of the following effects?
Increasing metabolism. Increasing body temperature.
if a woman has an overactive zona reticularis, she will experience which is the following
Masculinization
which hormone helps set your internal biological clock
Melatonin
Hormones can be released as a direct response to which of the following stimuli? Temporal Humoral Neural Mechanical Hormonal Pressure
Neural Humoral Hormonal
Which are actions by which the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity? Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release vital hormones. Stimulates the gonads to create gametes.
Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland.
Rank the half life of the following types of hormones in order from shortest to longest
Small water soluble hormones Large water soluble hormones Lipid soluble hormones
Match each class of hormone with its description. Steroid Protein Biogenic amine Short chains of amino acids and water-soluble. Derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble. Modified amino acids and water-soluble (with one exception).
Steroid - Derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble. Protein - Short chains of amino acids and water-soluble. Biogenic amine - Modified amino acids and water-soluble (with one exception).
The kidneys secrete a hormone that performs which of the following functions?
Stimulate production of red blood cells
Match each type of hormone interaction with an example in the body:-Type of hormone:SynergisticPermissiveAntagonistic-Statements:Oxytocin does not cause the release of milk in the absence of prolactinEstrogen and progestrone are more powerful together than aloneGlucagon and insulin raise and lower blood sugar levels respectively
Synergistic - Estrogen and progestrone are more powerful together than alonePermissive - Oxytocin does not cause the release of milk in the absence of prolactinAntagonistic - Glucagon and insulin raise and lower blood sugar levels respectively
Place the following hormones in the order in which they are released: TSH TH TRH
TRH TSH TH
Match each stage of the stress response with its description The Alarm Reaction The Stage of Resistance The Stage of Exhaustion The sympathetic division of the nervous system releases epinephrine. The endocrine system mobilizes energy reserves. Fat stores are depleted and the body breaks down proteins.
The Alarm Reaction - The sympathetic division of the nervous system releases epinephrine. The Stage of Resistance - The endocrine system mobilizes energy reserves. The Stage of Exhaustion - Fat stores are depleted and the body breaks down proteins.
True or False: Injections of human growth hormone over a period of many years will not bring pituitary dwarfs to normal heights
True
Which hormones triggers the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex?
addrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
the anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the
adenohypophysis
the majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the
adenohypophysis
the testes produce the male sex hormones called ______, many of which are converted into testosterone
androgens
which are hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary gland
antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
If blood glucose levels are high, what type of cells of the pancreatic islets produce the needed insulin?
beta
amines are small hormones produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid.
biogenic
ENDOCRINE GLANDS secrete their products, called hormones, directly into the
blood
a lipid-soluble hormone that binds to its intracellular receptor then binds to the DNA forming a _______ element (HRE)
d) hormone-response
If a target cell is becoming overstimulated by a particular hormone, in general it will ________ the number of receptors it has for that particular hormone in order to maintain homeostasis.
decrease
acinar cells of the pancreas produce an alkaline pancreatic juice that aids in
digestion
Goiters _____ once iodine is restored to the diet.
do not regress
hormones that are transported in the blood are released from ______.
endocrine glands
the middle layer of the adrenal cortex is called the zona
fasciculata
Which of the following hormones are considered gonadotropins?
follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (LH).
the zona _______ is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex
glomerulosa
If you haven't eaten in a long while and your blood glucose levels are low, your pancreas will release _______________.
glucagon
The type of endocrine stimulation shown in picture B is ______ stimulation?
humoral
the regulatory hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland arrive from the hypothalamus by way of the:
hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
Sometimes called the "Master control gland", the ______ oversees most of the endocrine activity in the body
hypothalamus
if a female baby is born with adrenogenital syndrome, she will exhibit which of the following symptoms?
increased ACTH, enlarged clitoris
Increased cortisol levels in the body will result in which of the following?
increased blood sugar levels increased blood fatty acid levels decreased glucose uptake by most cells of the body
Insulin has which of the following effects on cells?
increased uptake of the glucose by most cells increased lipogenesis in adipose cells increased glycogenesis by liver cells
The pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk:
infundibulum
In T3, the 3 refers to the number of ________ molecules in the hormone.
iodine
scattered among the pancreatic acini are small clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic
islets
The name of the narrow midline of the gland pictures here (letter A) is the _______ of the thyroid.
isthmus
which of the following are type of locally-acting hormones called eicosanoids?
leukotrienes prostaglandins thromboxanes These local hormones are formed by a chain of 20 amino acids and fatty acids from phospholipids in the cell membrane. Eicosanoids initiate either autocrine stimulation or paracrine stimulation.
Less severe type 2 diabetics can be treated with which of the following treatments?
medications that enhance insulin release, exercise and diet
The adrenal ______ forms the inner core of each adrenal gland.
medulla
The outer region of the adrenal gland is the cortex, within which lies the inner region called the adrenal _____
medulla
which part of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine as part of a sympathetic nervous system response to an emergency is the adrenal
medulla
The pineal gland secretes a hormone called ______.
melatonin
the hormone _________ helps regulate your circadian rhythm
melatonin
the endocrine system works clearly with the ______ system to bring about homeostasis in the body
nervous
identify the hormones produced by each region of the adrenal cortex
outermost region-mineralocorticoids middle region-glucocorticoids innermost region-gonadocorticoids
eicosanoids are locally acting hormones. if they target cells neighboring those from which they were released, this is an example of _____ stimulation.
paracrine
the _______ glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
parathyroid
The ______ gland, also known as the hypophysis, lies inferior to the hypothalamus.
pituitary
the ___ pituitary gland consist primarily of unmyelinated axons extending from the hypothalamus.
posterior
Which are structural classes of hormones?
protein, biogenic amine, steroid
atrial natriuretic peptide produced by the heart has which of the following functions
regulates blood Na levels and blood volume
the thymus is relatively large in
relatively large in infants and grows until puberty
Which of the following are regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus?
releasing & inhibiting
because of their structure, water-soluble hormones bind a receptor on the cell membrane initiating a series of biochemical events across the membrane known as a _______ transduction pathway.
signal
Which of the following are symptoms associated with hypothyroidism?
sluggishness, weight gain, feeling cold
cells with receptors for a particular hormone are called ______ cells for that hormone
target
Thyroid hormones increase metabolism and increase body
temperature
the posterior pituitary gland releases hormones into
the bloodstream
The name of the glycoprotein contained within the follicle structure at A is
thyroglobulin
The _____ gland is located immediately inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea.
thyroid
Which of the following are considered major endocrine organs of the body?
thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland
True or false: A target cell may have receptors for more than one type of hormone.
true
true or false: insulin promotes lipid storage
true
true or false: when the body tries to repair its injuries it secretes cortisol
true
If a target cell is continually underestimated by a particular hormone it has receptors to, it will increase the number of receptors it has through ____________ regulation
up
The term diabetes mellitus is derived from the phrase "sweet _____"
urine