Chapter 17 Learn Smart

place the events of the diagram in order:

- lipid-soluble hormone binds to intracellular receptor - hormone-receptor complex binds with hormone-response element - mRNA is synthesized - mRNA is translated into a new protein

gestational diabetes

-occurs typically in the later half of the pregnancy -can pose a risk to the fetus and pose delivery complications

Place the events in order

1. Hypothalamus releases CRH 2. Anterior pituitary releases ACTH 3. Adrenal cortex releases cortisol

Place the events in order

1. Hypothalamus releases TRH 2. Anterior pituitary releases TSH 3. Thyroid releases TH

Thyrotropin- releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli

A decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood Low body temperature

Which of the following hormones are made in the hypothalamus?

ADH- prod in the hypothalamus even though it is released through the posterior pituitary Oxytocin- prod in the hypothalamus even though it is released through the posterior pituitary

Lipid soluble hormones travel in the blood joined to a protein carrier and are thus called

Bound hormones

type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or

Decreased insulin effectiveness.

As a mixed, or heterocrine gland, the pancreas has both _____ & _____ which functions

Endocrine, Exocrine

identify which are ways that hormones are eliminated from the bloodstream

Excretion by the kidneys, Degradation by enzymes

In acromegaly, the individual doesn't grow in height, but the bones of the ______, ______, and ______ enlarge and widen.

Feet Face Hands.

which is reduced as a consequence of an aging endocrine system?

GH levels, sex hormone levels, muscle mass

When a water soluble hormone binds to its target cell the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemicals reactions can result in which of the following?

Growth Activation of enzyme pathways Increased secretions

______ stimulates cell growth and cell division specifically in bones and muscles

Growth hormone.

The effects of hyperthyroidism result in which of the following characteristics

HyperactivityWeight lossIncreased metabolic rate

Place in the correct order: Hypothalamus releases CRH, Adrenal cortex releases cortisol, Anterior pituitary releases ACTH

Hypothalamus releases CRH, Anterior pituitary releases ACTH, Adrenal cortex releases cortisol

If one is administered high doses of corticosterone, they may experience which of the following side effects?

Immunisuppression

Elevated levels of glucagon result in which of the following?

Increased lipolysis Increased blood sugar levels Increased glycogenolysis

Thyroid hormone have which of the following effects?

Increasing metabolism. Increasing body temperature.

if a woman has an overactive zona reticularis, she will experience which is the following

Masculinization

which hormone helps set your internal biological clock

Melatonin

Hormones can be released as a direct response to which of the following stimuli? Temporal Humoral Neural Mechanical Hormonal Pressure

Neural Humoral Hormonal

Which are actions by which the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity? Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release vital hormones. Stimulates the gonads to create gametes.

Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland.

Rank the half life of the following types of hormones in order from shortest to longest

Small water soluble hormones Large water soluble hormones Lipid soluble hormones

Match each class of hormone with its description. Steroid Protein Biogenic amine Short chains of amino acids and water-soluble. Derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble. Modified amino acids and water-soluble (with one exception).

Steroid - Derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble. Protein - Short chains of amino acids and water-soluble. Biogenic amine - Modified amino acids and water-soluble (with one exception).

The kidneys secrete a hormone that performs which of the following functions?

Stimulate production of red blood cells

Match each type of hormone interaction with an example in the body:-Type of hormone:SynergisticPermissiveAntagonistic-Statements:Oxytocin does not cause the release of milk in the absence of prolactinEstrogen and progestrone are more powerful together than aloneGlucagon and insulin raise and lower blood sugar levels respectively

Synergistic - Estrogen and progestrone are more powerful together than alonePermissive - Oxytocin does not cause the release of milk in the absence of prolactinAntagonistic - Glucagon and insulin raise and lower blood sugar levels respectively

Place the following hormones in the order in which they are released: TSH TH TRH

TRH TSH TH

Match each stage of the stress response with its description The Alarm Reaction The Stage of Resistance The Stage of Exhaustion The sympathetic division of the nervous system releases epinephrine. The endocrine system mobilizes energy reserves. Fat stores are depleted and the body breaks down proteins.

The Alarm Reaction - The sympathetic division of the nervous system releases epinephrine. The Stage of Resistance - The endocrine system mobilizes energy reserves. The Stage of Exhaustion - Fat stores are depleted and the body breaks down proteins.

True or False: Injections of human growth hormone over a period of many years will not bring pituitary dwarfs to normal heights

True

Which hormones triggers the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex?

addrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

the anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the

adenohypophysis

the majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the

adenohypophysis

the testes produce the male sex hormones called ______, many of which are converted into testosterone

androgens

which are hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary gland

antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

If blood glucose levels are high, what type of cells of the pancreatic islets produce the needed insulin?

beta

amines are small hormones produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid.

biogenic

ENDOCRINE GLANDS secrete their products, called hormones, directly into the

blood

a lipid-soluble hormone that binds to its intracellular receptor then binds to the DNA forming a _______ element (HRE)

d) hormone-response

If a target cell is becoming overstimulated by a particular hormone, in general it will ________ the number of receptors it has for that particular hormone in order to maintain homeostasis.

decrease

acinar cells of the pancreas produce an alkaline pancreatic juice that aids in

digestion

Goiters _____ once iodine is restored to the diet.

do not regress

hormones that are transported in the blood are released from ______.

endocrine glands

the middle layer of the adrenal cortex is called the zona

fasciculata

Which of the following hormones are considered gonadotropins?

follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (LH).

the zona _______ is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex

glomerulosa

If you haven't eaten in a long while and your blood glucose levels are low, your pancreas will release _______________.

glucagon

The type of endocrine stimulation shown in picture B is ______ stimulation?

humoral

the regulatory hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland arrive from the hypothalamus by way of the:

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Sometimes called the "Master control gland", the ______ oversees most of the endocrine activity in the body

hypothalamus

if a female baby is born with adrenogenital syndrome, she will exhibit which of the following symptoms?

increased ACTH, enlarged clitoris

Increased cortisol levels in the body will result in which of the following?

increased blood sugar levels increased blood fatty acid levels decreased glucose uptake by most cells of the body

Insulin has which of the following effects on cells?

increased uptake of the glucose by most cells increased lipogenesis in adipose cells increased glycogenesis by liver cells

The pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk:

infundibulum

In T3, the 3 refers to the number of ________ molecules in the hormone.

iodine

scattered among the pancreatic acini are small clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic

islets

The name of the narrow midline of the gland pictures here (letter A) is the _______ of the thyroid.

isthmus

which of the following are type of locally-acting hormones called eicosanoids?

leukotrienes prostaglandins thromboxanes These local hormones are formed by a chain of 20 amino acids and fatty acids from phospholipids in the cell membrane. Eicosanoids initiate either autocrine stimulation or paracrine stimulation.

Less severe type 2 diabetics can be treated with which of the following treatments?

medications that enhance insulin release, exercise and diet

The adrenal ______ forms the inner core of each adrenal gland.

medulla

The outer region of the adrenal gland is the cortex, within which lies the inner region called the adrenal _____

medulla

which part of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine as part of a sympathetic nervous system response to an emergency is the adrenal

medulla

The pineal gland secretes a hormone called ______.

melatonin

the hormone _________ helps regulate your circadian rhythm

melatonin

the endocrine system works clearly with the ______ system to bring about homeostasis in the body

nervous

identify the hormones produced by each region of the adrenal cortex

outermost region-mineralocorticoids middle region-glucocorticoids innermost region-gonadocorticoids

eicosanoids are locally acting hormones. if they target cells neighboring those from which they were released, this is an example of _____ stimulation.

paracrine

the _______ glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

parathyroid

The ______ gland, also known as the hypophysis, lies inferior to the hypothalamus.

pituitary

the ___ pituitary gland consist primarily of unmyelinated axons extending from the hypothalamus.

posterior

Which are structural classes of hormones?

protein, biogenic amine, steroid

atrial natriuretic peptide produced by the heart has which of the following functions

regulates blood Na levels and blood volume

the thymus is relatively large in

relatively large in infants and grows until puberty

Which of the following are regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus?

releasing & inhibiting

because of their structure, water-soluble hormones bind a receptor on the cell membrane initiating a series of biochemical events across the membrane known as a _______ transduction pathway.

signal

Which of the following are symptoms associated with hypothyroidism?

sluggishness, weight gain, feeling cold

cells with receptors for a particular hormone are called ______ cells for that hormone

target

Thyroid hormones increase metabolism and increase body

temperature

the posterior pituitary gland releases hormones into

the bloodstream

The name of the glycoprotein contained within the follicle structure at A is

thyroglobulin

The _____ gland is located immediately inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea.

thyroid

Which of the following are considered major endocrine organs of the body?

thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland

True or false: A target cell may have receptors for more than one type of hormone.

true

true or false: insulin promotes lipid storage

true

true or false: when the body tries to repair its injuries it secretes cortisol

true

If a target cell is continually underestimated by a particular hormone it has receptors to, it will increase the number of receptors it has through ____________ regulation

up

The term diabetes mellitus is derived from the phrase "sweet _____"

urine