Chapter 17

Relaxation of the respiratory muscles leads to which change?

A decrease in thoracic volume and increase in pressure in the lungs

Alveolar ventilation refers to the

Movement of air into and out of the alveoli

Which of the following is NOT a muscle that assists in the pressure changes associated with breathing?

Pleural sac

Which is NOT considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system?

Regulation of water

Match the lung volume with its description. A. tidal volume B. inspiratory reserve volume C. expiratory reserve volume D. residual volume the minimum amount of air always present in the respiratory system, after blowing out all you can

Residual volume

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law?

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

Which is the best definition of anatomical dead space?

The volume of the conducting system

Which relationship between pressure and volume does the ideal gas law demonstrate?

They are inversely proportional

Which feature of the alveoli allows for the ease of diffusion of gases?

They are made of a single layer of epithelium

Match the lung capacity with its description. A. total lung capacity B. inspiratory capacity C. vital capacity D. functional residual capacity the sum of all the lung volumes

Total lung capacity

Like the cardiovascular system, what is the primary determinant of resistance to flow in the respiratory system?

Tube radius

Which word or phrase means "the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs"?

Ventilation

If a student inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until he cannot exhale any more, the amount of air that he expelled is his

Vital capacity

Match the lung capacity with its description. A. total lung capacity B. inspiratory capacity C. vital capacity D. functional residual capacity the total amount of air that can be exchanged at will

Vital capacity

Which capacity is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume?

Vital capacity

Active expiration is produced by contraction of

abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

Type I alveolar cells

allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes.

Damage to the type II cells of the lungs would contribute to

alveolar collapse.

The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are

alveoli

In the lungs, the

blood flow rate is higher and the blood pressure is lower, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues.

Ventilation is also known as

breathing

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?

diaphragm and external intercostals

During normal expiration,

elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume.

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?

epinephrine

Match the lung volume with its description. A. tidal volume B. inspiratory reserve volume C. expiratory reserve volume D. residual volume the extra amount actively (forcibly) exhaled after a normal exhalation

expiratory reserve volume

Match the lung capacity with its description. A. total lung capacity B. inspiratory capacity C. vital capacity D. functional residual capacity the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breath

functional residual capacity

Surfactant

helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing

Total cross-sectional area ________ with each division of the airways.

increases

In quiet breathing,

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive

Match the lung capacity with its description. A. total lung capacity B. inspiratory capacity C. vital capacity D. functional residual capacity the amount of air inhaled during an active (forced) inspiration

inspiratory capacity

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?

intrapleural pressure

When the diaphragm, external intercostal and scalene muscles contract,

intrapleural pressure decreases

Flow of air

is directly proportional to a pressure gradient, and flow decreases as the resistance of the system increases.

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?

lungs will collapse

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Type II alveolar cells

secrete a chemical known as surfactant.

The distance between the alveolar air space and capillary endothelium is ________, allowing gases to diffuse ________ between them.

short, rapidly

Air moves into the lungs because

the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure.

Air moves out of the lungs because

the volume of the lungs decreases with expiration

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the thorax increases

Match the lung volume with its description. A. tidal volume B. inspiratory reserve volume C. expiratory reserve volume D. residual volume the amount of air taken in during a single normal inspiration

tidal volume

What is a function of the pleural fluid?

to hold the lungs to the thoracic wall

The term that is simply defined as breathing is __________.

ventilation

Which of the following is a similarity between obstructive lung disease and restrictive lung disease?

Both decrease the amount of oxygen in the alveoli.

Which two factors have the greatest influence on the amount of work needed for breathing?

Compliance and airway resistance

Which key property of the bronchi increases as the average diameter of the passageways decreases? (Hint: it also occurs in the arterial vasculature.)

Cross-sectional area

What causes normal expiration?

Elastic recoil of lungs and the thoracic cage

The additional air that you can exhale after a normal exhale is the __________.

Expiratory reserve volume

When alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, air flows into the lungs.

False

Match the lung volume with its description. A. tidal volume B. inspiratory reserve volume C. expiratory reserve volume D. residual volume the additional air inhaled after a normal inspiration

Inspiration reserve volume