CHAPTER 17 SG WESTERN CIV (also quizzes)
Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as
"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity"
who Beccaria was and what he stood for?
A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with him
Why was James Cook important?
A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of
Who argued that government should not be involved in people's economic choices?
Adam Smith
In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements?
England and Germany
Deism is the belief that
God created the universe but does not actively run it. Newtonian world-machine with God as its mechanic, designing the universe in accord with rational laws.
Messiah
Handel (Jean Frederick Handel)
The eighteenth century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is
Handel's Messiah
Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to
Lent
The Progress of the Human Mind
Marie-Jean de Condorat
The Marriage of Figaro
Mozart
The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was
Paris
Principia (know who translated it to French)
Voltaire
The purpose of Diderot's Encyclopedia, according to him, was to
change the general way of thinking
Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth century
corporal and capital punishment were on the decline
High culture in the eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the
enormous impact of the publishing industry.
The Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was
evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.
Salons were
literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed
The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of
magazines for the general public.
The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they
popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.
For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?
private property
Johann Sebastian Bach
produced religious music as a way to worship God.
Isaac Newton and John Locke
provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society
The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often
public and very gruesome.
Voltaire was best known for his criticism of
religious intolerance
An early female philosopher who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was
the Marquise de Chatelet
The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to
the social sciences
The French philosophes
were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.;mostly included people from the nobility and the middle class.
Encyclopedia
Diderot
Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his
28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes
Return from Cythera
Antoine Watteau
The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was
Antoine Watteau
The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was
Fontenelle
The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was
Francois Quesnay
European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by
Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy to Germany to the Austrian Empire.
Emile
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A Serious Proposal to the Ladies
Mary Astell
The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by
Mary Wollstonecraft
The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was
Methodism
Persian Letters
Montesquieu
The Spirit of the Laws
Montesquieu
Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with
a blank state
For Rousseau, the "general will" was
a social consensus to which the individual must bow
Pogroms were
instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.
Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers:
novels
European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of
secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human laws
In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,
still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.
Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because
they strongly recommended the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.
A key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was
travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures
The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe
won the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781.
