CHAPTER 17 SG WESTERN CIV (also quizzes)

Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as

"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity"

who Beccaria was and what he stood for?

A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with him

Why was James Cook important?

A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of

Who argued that government should not be involved in people's economic choices?

Adam Smith

In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements?

England and Germany

Deism is the belief that

God created the universe but does not actively run it. Newtonian world-machine with God as its mechanic, designing the universe in accord with rational laws.

Messiah

Handel (Jean Frederick Handel)

The eighteenth century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is

Handel's Messiah

Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to

Lent

The Progress of the Human Mind

Marie-Jean de Condorat

The Marriage of Figaro

Mozart

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was

Paris

Principia (know who translated it to French)

Voltaire

The purpose of Diderot's Encyclopedia, according to him, was to

change the general way of thinking

Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth century

corporal and capital punishment were on the decline

High culture in the eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the

enormous impact of the publishing industry.

The Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was

evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.

Salons were

literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed

The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of

magazines for the general public.

The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they

popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.

For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?

private property

Johann Sebastian Bach

produced religious music as a way to worship God.

Isaac Newton and John Locke

provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society

The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often

public and very gruesome.

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

religious intolerance

An early female philosopher who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was

the Marquise de Chatelet

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to

the social sciences

The French philosophes

were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.;mostly included people from the nobility and the middle class.

Encyclopedia

Diderot

Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his

28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes ​

Return from Cythera

Antoine Watteau

The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was

Antoine Watteau

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was

Fontenelle

The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was

Francois Quesnay

European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by

Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy to Germany to the Austrian Empire.

Emile

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A Serious Proposal to the Ladies

Mary Astell

The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by

Mary Wollstonecraft

The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was

Methodism

Persian Letters

Montesquieu

The Spirit of the Laws

Montesquieu

Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with

a blank state

For Rousseau, the "general will" was

a social consensus to which the individual must bow

Pogroms were

instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.

Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers:

novels

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of

secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human laws

In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,

still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because

they strongly recommended the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.

A key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was

travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures

The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe

won the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781.