Chapter 17. The Endocrine System

Which is one difference between the endocrine and the nervous system

The nervous system is more targeted in its response.

What is the fate of most hormones

They are degraded by the liver and kidneys

When peptides and catecholamines bind to the target cell, how do they stimulate its physiology

Through second messenger systems.

Which endocrine gland secretes several hormones that stimulate lymphatic organs and T cell activity

Thymus

Which endocrine gland serves as the site for lymphocyte maturation

Thymus

Which gland is located in the mediastinum superior to the heart

Thymus

Which gland is located immediately below the larynx and shaped like a butterfly

Thyroid gland

Once a steroid or thyroid hormone binds to its receptor, the receptor-hormone complex associates with a target gene and controls which of the following

Transcription

T/F: Andreal sex steroid have various developmental nad reproductive functions

True

Target cells can become more sensitive to a hormone by increasing the number of receptors via which process

Up-regulation

The adrenal cortex is composed of how many layers of tissue which differ in their distology and hormone output

3

What is a hypoglycemic hormone

A hormone that lowers blood glucose.

The pituitary gland is composed of two structures: the posterior lobe called the neurohypophysis and the anterior lobe called the ____.

Adenohypophysis.

What are the target cells of insulin

Adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver

Which secrete steroid hormones

Adrenal cortex, ovary, testes

Which adrenal cortical hormone helps maintain blood pressure and blood volume

Aldosterone

Peptide hormones are comprised of chains of what

Amino acids

What are monoamine hormones and neurotransmitters derived from

Amino acids; Monoamines are made from amino acids and retain an amino group, from which this hormone class gets its name.

In both sexes, the group of adrenal cortical hormones call ___ induce growth of pubic and axillary hair and their associated apocrine scent glands at puberty and stimulate the libido through adolescent and adult life.

Androgens

Which adrenal cortical hormones are responsible for the growth of pubic and axillary hair during puberty

Androgens

Where is the adrenal medulla

At the core of the adrenal gland, superior to the kidney

How are the endocrine and the nervous systems alike

Both use chemical messengers for communication

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete ___ in response to rising blood calcium

Calcitonin

Which hormone stimulates the deposition of calcium in bones

Calcitonin

PTH is secreted in response to low levels of the mineral

Calcium

Thyroid hormone accelerates the breakdown of what

Carbs, fats and proteins

What is a potent glucocorticoid that stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and the release of fatty acids into the blood

Cortisol

Which hormone is a potent glucocorticoid that is secreted in response to ACTH to help the body adapt to stress

Cortisol

Which hormones are classified as steroid hormones

Cortisol and testosterone (estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone; cortisol, aldosterone, and DHEA)

When they secretes hormones, the ovaries and testes are considered what type of glands

Endocrine

Which lands secrete their product by way of a duct directly onto an epithelial surface

Exocrine

T/F: Organs can have only endocrine or exocrine functions, not both.

False

T/F: The inner core of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal cortex.

False

Cells called spongiocytes are found within the zona ___ of the adrenal cortex.

Fasciculata

Cells called spongiocytes are found within the zona ____ of the adrenal cortex.

Fasciculata

The thyroid gland is composed of sacs that are filled with a protein-rich colloid. What are these sacs called

Follicles

What are the functions of testosterone

Fuel sex drive, develop male physique and reproductive system

Steroid hormones enter the target cell nucleus and act directly on the ____, changing target cell physiology by either activating or inhibiting transcription.

Genes. Some hormones enter the target-cell nucleus and act directly on the genes, changing target-cell physiology by either activating or inhibiting transcription of the gene for a metabolic enzyme or other protein. Such is the case with steroid hormones.

Mineralocorticoids are produced in the zona ___ of the adrenal cortex.

Glomerulosa

While both endocrine and nervous systems are involved with communication, they differ in their mechanisms. What is one difference between hormones of the endocrine system and neurotransmitters of the nervous system

Hormones are released into the interstitial fluids while neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.

Many of the functions of which organs are carried out by way of the pituitary gland, which is closely associated with it both anatomically and physiologically

Hypothalamus

Where are the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus located

Hypothalamus

Peptides and catecholamines are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate a target cell. Thye therefore bind to receptors where

On the cell surface

What are the three types of interactive effects hormones can have

Permissive, synergistic, antagonistic

Which gland is thought to play a role in establishing 24-hour circadian rhythms

Pineal gland

Hypothalamic inhibiting hormones inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior ___ gland.

Pituitary

Which endocrine gland stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Posterior pituitary

The pancreas is located retroperitoneally and ___.

Posterior to the stomach

In the ovary, the corpus luteum produces which hormone

Progesterone

What are the roles of estrogen and progesterone

Promote adolescent bone growth, regulate the menstrual cycle, contribute to the development of the reproductive system

Similar to neurotransmitters, hormones exert their action only on cells that have specific ____ that the hormones bind to.

Receptors

Endocrinology involves the study of cells that do which of the following

Secrete hormones

Through which process can one hormone molecule trigger the synthesis of a large number of enzyme molecules

Signal amplification

What type of hormone is synthesized from cholesterol and differ mainly in the functional groups attached to the four-ringed backbone

Steroid hormones

How do most steroids differ from one another

Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and differ mainly in the functional groups attached to the four-ringed steroid backbone.

Weak adrenal cortical androgens which possess little biological activity are converted to the much more potent androgen called ___

Testosterone

Weak adrenal cortical androgens which possess little biological activity are converted to the much more potent androgen called ___.

Testosterone

Weak adrenal; cortical androgens which possess little biological activity are converted to the much more potent androgen called ___.

Testosterone

Which hormone is responsible for the development and general health of the male reproductive tract

Testosterone

T/F Hormone transport proteins protect hormones from enzyme breakdown and from being excreted by the kidney.

True. Transport proteins not only carry the hydrophobic hormones, but also prolong their half-lives. They protect hormones from being broken down by enzymes in the blood plasma and liver and from being filtered out of the blood by the kidneys.

T/F: If excessive amounts of hormones are present they may bind to receptor sites for other related hormones and mimic their effects.

True. Two ways in which adverse side effects can arise are: (1) Excess hormones may bind to receptor sites for other related hormones and mimic their effects; and (2) a target cell may convert one hormone into another, such as testosterone to estrogen.

The gland that is the site of maturation for T lymphocytes is the _____

thymus

Through which of the following can cell-to-cell communication be accomplished

Paracrines, neurotransmitters, gap junctions, hormones

The ovoid glands partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid are the ___ glands

Parathyroid

Which endocrine gland is housed in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Pituitary gland

Which endocrine gland also acts as an exocrine gland

Pancreas

Where is the pineal gland

Inferior to the posterior portion of the corpus callosum

Pancreatic beta cells secrete ___ during and immediately following a meal.

Insulin

What is an example of a hypoglycemic hormone

Insulin

Endocrine secretions interact with their target cells and lead to which of the following

Intracellular changes

The nervous system is similar to the endocrine system in that both work through chemical messengers to affect physiological response. However, the nervous system has a ____ response.

Less persistent

The inner core of the adrenal gland is the adrenal ___.

Medulla

Which terms refers to the rate at which hormones are cleared from the blood

Metabolic clearance rate