Chapter 17

War of the Austrian Succession

series of wars in which various European nations competed for power in Central Europe after the death of Hapsburg emperor Charles VI

Hohenzollern

German royal family who ruled Brandenburg from 1415 and later extended their control to Prussia (1525). Under Frederick I (ruled 1701-1713) the family's possessions were unified as the kingdom of Prussia.

Jenghiz Khan

Mongolian Emperor whose empire stretched from the Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean (1162-1227)

Frederick the Great

Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.

Ivan the Terrible

(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. (p. 552)

Great Prince Iaroslav the Wise

-political unification of the eastern Slavic territories occurred under a single prince and a single dynasty -it was typical for feudal division of a land based society into a boyard nobility and a commoner peasantry -after Iaroslav's death, the Kievan principality disintegrated into competing political units

autocracy

A form of government in which a single person holds unlimited political power

Battle of Poltava

1709 Russia against Sweden; Russian army was able to capture Swedish king (Charles XII) and beat their army as well; because of this battle, Russia slowly became a Baltic power and replaced Sweden

Boyar

A boyar is a member of a high-ranking order of the Russian aristocracy. A boyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Russian, Romanian and Bulgarian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the tenth through the seventeenth century. Ivan the Terrible abolished their old distinction between hereditary boyar private property and land granted temporarily for service. All nobles old and new had to serve the tsar in some way in order to hold any land. (580 and wikipedia)

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia

building of the Winter Palace of St. Petersburg

Architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli built the Winter Palace of St. Petersburg. It was in truth an enormous direct tax levied on the wealthy, which in turn forced the peasantry to do most of the work. The only immediate beneficiaries were the foreign architects and urban planners. This is an enormous, aqua-colored royal residence. (588)

Prince Eugene of Savoy

Austrian general in the service of the Holy Roman Empire during the War of the Spanish Succession (1663-1736)

siege of Vienna, 1683

Austrians under Leopold I successfully repelled Turks from gates of vienna; last attempt by the Ottoman Empire to take central Europe

Time of Troubles

Early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.

Charles VI of Austria

In 1713, Charles VI (r. 1711-1740) proclaimed the Pragmatic Sanction, which stated that the Habsburg possessions were never to divide and were always to be passed intact to a single heir. Charles was the last of all of the Habsburg males. Charles spent much of his reign trying to get this principle accepted by the various branches of the Habsburg family, by the three different Estates of the realm, and by the states of Europe. (571)

kholops

Ivan the Terrible's system of autocracy and compulsory service struck foreign observers forcibly. "All people consider themselves to be Kholops, that is, slaves of their Prince," wrote one observer. At the same time, Jean Bodin, the French thinker who did so much to develop the modern concept of sovereignty, concluded that Russia's political system was fundamentally different from those of all other European monarchies and comparable only to that of the Ottoman Empire. (580)

Pragmatic Sanction

Just before his death in 1740, Charles VI released this sanction. It urged all constituent Austrian lands to allow his daughter, Maria Theresa, to inherit Austria and other Hapsburg lands, despite the fact that she was a woman.

Habsburgs

Spanish and Austrian, ruling family, dreamed of uniting Europe under Catholic Rule, stopped by Adolphus, enemies of France/Richelieu.

Prince Francis Rakoczy

The Hungarians rose in one last patriotic rebellion under Prince Francis Rakoczy against the Habsburgs in 1703. Rakoczy and his forces were eventually defeated, but this time the Habsburgs had to accept a definitive compromise. Charles VI restored many of the traditional privileges of the Hungarian aristocracy in return for Hungarian acceptance of the hereditary Habsburg rule. (572)

Suleiman the Magnificent

The most famous Sultan of the Ottomans, Suleiman the magnificent led the Ottomans into a golden age in 1520-1566. He was a brilliant war general and took the Ottomans on to conquer areas of eastern Europe and a much larger portion of the middle east. He improved their government substantially and assumed the role of absolute power.

Prussian Junkers

The nobility and the landowning classes known as the "Junkers" dominated The Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia. Frederick William I grab for power brought him into considerable conflict with the Junkers. In his early years, he even threatened to destroy them; yet, in the end, the Prussian nobility was not destroyed-but enlisted-into the army. Responding to the combination of threats and opportunities, the Junkers became the officer caste. The Great Elector weakened the powers of the Junkers (572-575)

Ivan III

The prince that made Moscow the new capital of Russia, and he overthrew the Mongols that were dominating Russia.

Frederick William the Great Elector

This was the man who starting absolutism in Prussia by uniting the three provinces of Prussia under one ruler.

baroque

elaborate an extensive ornamentation in decorative art and architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century

Ivan Bolotnikov

leader of Cossacks groups that travelled North Russia, gaining peasant support and killing members of the upper class

Vikings

one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century.

Romanov

the dynasty in russia that had served for 300 years

absolutism

the principle of complete and unrestricted power in government

Frederick William I

the son and successor of Frederick I who disliked French ways and got rid of most of its luxury and used the saved money to strengthen Prussia by doubling the size of its army and makign it the most efficient fighting force in Europe. He also created an efficient government bureaucracy and encouraged trade and the development of new industries. He required that all parents send their children to school.

Bartolomeo Rastrelli

was the cheif architect of the St. Petersburg who combined Russian and Italian styles in a unique Baroque stlye