Chapter 17:Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

Identify and discuss the key features of the Mongol empires after Chinggis Khan.

-Divided into 4 regional empires: The great khans ruled china, the khanate of chagatai ruled central Asia, Ilkhans ruled Persia and the Golden Horde dominated Russia -Khubilai Khan extended rule to southern China by taking the Song capital and founded the Yuan dynasty. -Ilkhanate toppled Abbasid empire and tried going to Syria but Muslims pushed them out. Had no experience administering complex societies where governance required talent. -Outlawed intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese. Did not let Chinese learn Mongol language. -Tolerated all cultural and religious traditions in China. -Mongols ruling elite became enriched with lamaist Buddhism of Tibet.

Explain the origins, course, and legacy of Chinggis Khan's Mongol empire

-For most of their history the nomadic Mongols lived on the high steppe lands of eastern central Asia. -Rarely played a leading role in the organization of states before the 13th century. -However Chinggis Khan forged the tribes into a powerful alliance which soon brought many societies of Eurasia under his rule -Made a alliance with Meujin and brought all of the Mongol tribes into one single confederation. -Broke up tribes and forced men to join one army with no conflicts. -Chose high officials based on talent and loyalty. -Used great equestrian skills -Extended rule to Northern CHina when they captured Jurchen. Chinggis led another force to Afghanistan and Persia, tried having open trade at first but then, Khwarazm murdered Chinggis khan's envoys so for revenge the mongols seized control.

Explain the key social and economic features of Eurasian nomadic pastoralist civilizations.

-Kept herds of animals and built societies by adapting to the ecological conditions of arid lands. -Used wool to make large tents called yurts in which they lived. -Sought to trade with settled people. -Two social classes:Elites and commoners. -Women had considerable influence. Some would be with men in war but most would take care of animals. -Earliest religion of the Turkish was Shamans

Explain the importance of the Mongols in Eurasian integration.

-Secured trade routes and make sure of safety of merchants. -Four mongol empires maintained close diplomatic communications. -Also made diplomatic relations with Korea, Vietnam, India and Europe. -Sufi's helped popularize Islam.

Identify key nomadic peoples and leaders in Eurasia after the Mongol era.

-Tamerlane built a central Asian empire rivaling that of Chinggis Khan himself. He eliminated rivals to power. He extended his authority throughout the khanate of Chagatai and began to build a capital at Samarkand by 1370. -First conquered Persia and Afghanistan then the Golden Horde and then invaded northern india. -He ruled like a conqueror and not a governor.

Explain the foundation of the Ottoman empire.

-The seljuq turks followed charismatic leaders who organized further campaigns. One of those leaders was Osman. He declared independence from the Seljuq sultan and launched a campaign to build a state at the expense of the Byzantine empire. -Later captured Constantinople.

Understand the reasons behind the decline of the Mongols in Persia and China.

-excessive spending and over exploitation led to reduced revenues of the Ilkhanate. Paper money also failed when the ruler died. -Yuan dynasty declined when paper money lost value and power struggles came when the emperor was assassinated and civil wars came about. -Plague(black death) killed thousands. -Many rebellions started and the mongols departed China in masses and returned to the steppes.

Compare and contrast the Turkish empires in Persia, Anatolia, and India.

Persia: -Approached Abbasid Persia when the Germanic people approached the Roman empire. Many Seljuq turks served in the Abbasid army and lived in the realm. -The caliph recognized the Seljuq as "sultan" or ruler. -Actual governance lay in the hands of the Turkish sultans Anatolia: -Turned to the rich land of Anatolia. Inflicted a devastating defeat on the Byzantine army at Manzikert. -Transformed Anatolia, levied taxes on the church, restricted activities and sometimes confiscated church property. India: -Mahmud Ghazni led raids on lucrative sites in northern India. The turkish sultanate of Delhi claimed authority over all of northern India by the 13th century. -stripped buddhist and hindu establishments of their wealth. and repressed those religions. Encouraged conversion of Islam.