chapter 18

20) Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of A) oxytocin. B) TSH. C) ADH. D) ACTH. E) LH.

C) ADH.

30) The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is A) FSH. B) MSH. C) ADH. D) STH. E) TSH.

C) ADH.

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. A) Neuropeptides B) Antigens C) Hormones D) Neurotransmitters E) Humoral antibodies

C) Hormones

14) The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually A) cGMP. B) calcium ion levels. C) a G protein. D) cAMP. E) adenyl cyclase.

C) a G protein.

6) Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein A) calcitonin. B) calcitropin. C) calmodulin. D) calcitriol. E) calcium-binding globulin.

C) calmodulin.

66) Which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells? A) cortisol B) aldosterone C) erythropoietin D) atrial natriuretic peptide E) thymosin

C) erythropoietin

59) When blood glucose levels fall, A) peripheral cells take up more glucose. B) calcitonin is secreted. C) glucagon is released. D) insulin is released. E) protein synthesis increases.

C) glucagon is released.

72) During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) A) blood glucose levels fall drastically. B) proteins are conserved. C) lipid reserves are mobilized. D) levels of insulin decrease. E) levels of growth hormone decrease.

C) lipid reserves are mobilized.

49) Pinealocytes produce A) LH. B) melanin. C) melatonin. D) FSH. E) MSH.

C) melatonin.

5) An activated G protein can trigger A) the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. B) the production of diacylglycerol. C) the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. D) a fall in cAMP levels. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

54) The primary target(s) of insulin is/are A) adipocytes. B) cardiac muscle cells. C) skeletal muscle fibers. D) liver cells. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

56) In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus, A) glucose is present in the urine in large amounts. B) blood glucose levels are very high. C) excessive thirst is shown. D) a large excretion of urine occurs. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

67) The kidneys secrete A) calcitriol. B) renin. C) erythropoietin. D) hormones to regulate sodium ion concentration. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

7) Hormones can operate on the ________ level of organization. A) tissue B) organ C) cellular D) organismic E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

70) Proper growth requires which of these hormones? A) calcitriol B) insulin C) growth hormone D) thyroid hormone E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

28) The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is A) LH. B) GH. C) TSH. D) ACTH. E) FSH.

E) FSH.

37) Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood. A) aldosterone B) thymosin C) cortisol D) calcitonin E) PTH

E) PTH

62) The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of A) erythropoietin. B) adrenaline. C) cortisol. D) atrial natriuretic peptide. E) angiotensin.

E) angiotensin.

10) Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger? A) TSH B) insulin C) epinephrine D) ACTH E) cyclic AMP

E) cyclic AMP

69) Hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is A) aldosterone. B) testosterone. C) cortisol. D) thyroid hormone. E) epinephrine.

E) epinephrine.

22) The main action of antidiuretic hormone is: A) stimulate kidney cells to secrete renin B) inhibition of aldosterone C) increased blood pressure by increased Na+ reabsorption D) increase urine output to remove excess fluid E) increased water conservation by kidneys

E) increased water conservation by kidneys

55) The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is A) glucagon. B) cortisol. C) aldosterone. D) somatotropin. E) insulin.

E) insulin.

52) Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________. A) somatostatin; insulin B) insulin; glucagon C) glucagon; somatostatin D) pancreatic polypeptide; insulin E) glucagon; insulin

glucagon; insulin

25) The posterior pituitary gland secretes A) ADH. B) MSH. C) TSH. D) ACTH. E) FSH.

A) ADH.

61) Type II diabetes is characterized by: A) a lack of response by target cells to insulin B) a decrease in secretion by pancreatic beta cells C) inadequate insulin production D) low blood-glucose concentration E) excessive secretion of glucagon

A) a lack of response by target cells to insulin

46) Which gland is called the "emergency gland" and helps the body adjust to stress? A) adrenal (suprarenal) B) thyroid C) pituitary D) thymus E) pancreas

A) adrenal (suprarenal)

4) Peptide hormones are A) composed of amino acids. B) chemically related to cholesterol. C) derived from the amino acid tyrosine. D) lipids. E) produced by the suprarenal glands.

A) composed of amino acids.

19) The primary function of ADH is to A) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. B) increase digestive absorption. C) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. D) delay urination. E) decrease blood pressure.

A) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.

45) Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system? A) epinephrine B) insulin C) parathyroid hormone D) growth hormone E) cortisol

A) epinephrine

44) The suprarenal medulla produces the hormones A) epinephrine and norepinephrine. B) corticosterone and testosterone. C) androgens and progesterone. D) synephrine and neosynephrine. E) norcortisol and cortisol.

A) epinephrine and norepinephrine.

15) After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, A) gene transcription is initiated. B) G proteins are phosphylated. C) cyclic nucleotides are formed. D) adenyl cyclase is activated. E) protein kinases are activated.

A) gene transcription is initiated

53) If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting A) glucagon. B) antidiuretic hormone. C) aldosterone. D) GHIH. E) thyroid hormone.

A) glucagon.

16) The most complex endocrine responses involve the A) hypothalamus. B) thyroid gland. C) pancreas. D) suprarenal glands. E) thymus gland.

A) hypothalamus.

32) Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone? A) iodine B) colloid C) sodium D) potassium E) iron

A) iodine

57) Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin? A) low blood glucose B) glycosuria C) polyuria D) ketoacidosis E) high blood glucose

A) low blood glucose

40) Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking? A) parathyroid glands; calcitonin B) parathyroid glands; levothyroxine C) thyroid glands; levothyroxine D) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone E) thyroid glands; calcitonin

A) parathyroid glands; calcitonin

65) The hormones that are important for coordinating the immune response are A) thymosins. B) aldosterones. C) corticosteroids. D) somatotropins. E) thyroxines.

A) thymosins.

3) Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at the same time. A) only one B) a few C) an unlimited number of D) fifty

B) a few

11) Steroid hormones A) cannot diffuse through cell membranes. B) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. C) remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. D) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma. E) are proteins.

B) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.

36) The C cells of the thyroid gland produce A) thyroxine. B) calcitonin. C) triiodothyronine. D) TSH. E) PTH.

B) calcitonin.

60) The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces A) glucagon. B) digestive enzymes. C) bile. D) insulin. E) somatotropin.

B) digestive enzymes.

64) Follicle cells in the ovary secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH. A) progesterone B) estrogen C) gonadotropins D) inhibin E) testosterone

B) estrogen

73) The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by A) a sharp increase in motivation and energy. B) failure of electrolyte balance. C) increasing ability to produce glucose from glycogen. D) increased pumping effectiveness of the heart. E) an increase in urine output.

B) failure of electrolyte balance.

23) Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause A) rickets. B) gigantism. C) dwarfism. D) acromegaly. E) diabetes insipidus.

B) gigantism.

47) Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action? A) pancreatic hormones B) glucocorticoids C) mineralocorticoids D) thyroglobulins E) antidiuretic hormones

B) glucocorticoids

18) All target cells A) respond to electrical signals. B) have hormone receptors. C) produce their own hormones. D) secrete hormones. e) are in the blood

B) have hormone receptors.

51) The condition known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be caused by A) increased levels of melanin. B) increased levels of melatonin. C) increased levels of gonadotrophins. D) decreased levels of testosterone. E) increased levels of melanocyte-stimulating hormone.

B) increased levels of melatonin.

9) A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s). A) gonadotropic B) one C) hypothalamic D) two E) tropic

B) one

38) TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones. A) inhibition and secretion B) synthesis and release C) synthesis D) inhibition E) release

B) synthesis and release

27) The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland A) FSH. B) GH. C) ACTH. D) TSH. E) LH.

D) TSH.

42) A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is A) parathormone. B) somatotropin. C) cortisol. D) aldosterone. E) thymosin.

D) aldosterone.

35) A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is A) thyroxine. B) oxytocin. C) glucagon. D) calcitonin. E) parathyroid hormone.

D) calcitonin.

43) Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of A) antidiuretic hormone. B) oxytocin. C) aldosterone. D) cortisone. E) calcitonin.

D) cortisone.

8) The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ. A) hepatic B) cardiovascular C) renal D) endocrine E) muscular

D) endocrine

34) Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of A) hyperthyroidism. B) hypoparathyroidism. C) hyperparathyroidism. D) hypothyroidism. E) diabetes insipidus.

D) hypothyroidism.

41) The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that A) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood. B) stimulates the formation of white blood cells. C) increases the level of glucose in the blood. D) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood. E) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood.

D) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.

63) The interstitial cells of the testes produce A) progesterone. B) LH. C) testosterone. D) inhibin. E) FSH.

D) inhibin.

58) When blood glucose levels rise, A) protein synthesis decreases. B) glucagon is released. C) peripheral cells break down glycogen. D) insulin is released. E) peripheral cells take up less glucose.

D) insulin is released.

48) Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance are: A) androgens B) glucocorticoids C) antidiuretics D) mineralocorticoids E) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

D) mineralocorticoids

71) During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) there is A) decreased rate of respiration. B) decreased blood flow to skeletal muscles and skin. C) increased urine release. D) mobilization of energy reserves. E) decreased mental alertness.

D) mobilization of energy reserves.

31) The hormone that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is A) luteinizing hormone. B) just extra fluids. C) prolactin. D) oxytocin. E) both oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.

D) oxytocin.

50) Melatonin is produced by the A) thymus. B) heart. C) skin. D) pineal gland. E) kidneys.

D) pineal gland.

29) The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is A) TSH. B) FSH. C) growth hormone. D) prolactin. E) ACTH.

D) prolactin.

Endocrine cells A) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. B) are a type of nerve cell. C) contain few vesicles. D) release their secretions directly into body fluids. E) are modified connective-tissue cells.

D) release their secretions directly into body fluids.

68) Increased aggressive and assertive behavior is associated with an increase in which of these hormones? A) insulin B) somatostatin C) growth hormone D) sex hormones E) thyroxine

D) sex hormones

33) Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues? A) increased heart rate B) increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation C) increased body temperature D) increased oxygen consumption E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

13) Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include A) eicosanoids. B) amino acid derivatives. C) steroids. D) peptides. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

17) Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors? A) blood level of a hormone B) blood level of an ion-like potassium C) blood level of glucose D) nervous stimuli E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

21) The hypophyseal portal system A) carries ADH and oxytocin. B) is a blood connection between the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. C) has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. D) carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

24) Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin? A) uterus B) prostate C) ductus deferens D) mammary glands E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

26) The hormone oxytocin A) triggers prostate gland contraction. B) is produced in the hypothalamus. C) is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. D) promotes uterine contractions. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

12) When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. B) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA. C) cell membrane becomes depolarized. D) cell becomes inactive. E) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

E) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

39) Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the A) kidneys. B) pituitary gland. C) gonads. D) heart. E) thyroid gland.

E) thyroid gland.