Chapter 18
Glucocorticoids are secreted by the zona ___ in response to ACTH from the pituitary.
fasciculata
The middle layer of the secretory glandular tissue of the adrenal cortex is the zona
fasciculata
The middle layer of the secretory glandular tissue of the adrenal cortex is the zona ______.
fasciculata
The sex steroids are secreted by the zona ______ of the adrenal cortex. Select all that apply.
fasciculata reticularis
Endocrine glands contain a type of capillary that has large pores and allows easy passage of proteins and other substances. These are called ______ capillaries.
fenestrated
Histologically, the thyroid is composed of sacs called thyroid ______.
follicles
Aldosterone is the primary secretion of the zona _______ in the adrenal cortex.
glomerulosa
Identify the layer of the adrenal cortex which is responsible for the production of aldosterone.
glomerulosa
The outer (superficial) layer of the secretory glandular tissue of the adrenal cortex is the zona ______.
glomerulosa
Pancreatic alpha cells secrete the hormone ___ when serum glucose levels drop.
glucagon
The hormone secreted by cells of the pancreatic islets in response to hypoglycemia which promotes glycogenolysis and other effects that raise blood glucose concentration is
glucagon
The hormone secreted by pancreatic islet cells that raises blood glucose concentrations is ______.
glucagon
The hormone of the adrenal cortex that affects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism is a(n) ______.
glucocorticoid
The hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulate the metabolism of glucose and other organic fuels are collectively called
glucocorticoids
The zona fasciculata secretes ______ in response to ACTH from the pituitary.
glucocorticoids
The term that refers to the blood glucose concentration is
glycemia
Enlargement of the thyroid gland develops in several pathological conditions. This enlargement of the thyroid is called a
goiter
The ovaries and testes are known as ______.
gonads
In the ovaries, the follicles are lined with ______ cells.
granulosa
Natriuretic peptides are produced by the ______.
heart
A chemical messenger that is secreted into the blood by an endocrine gland or isolated gland cell and triggers a physiological response in distant cells with receptors for it describes a(n) _______.
hormone
A hormone excess, such as is found in pituitary gigantism, is defined as _______.
hypersecretion
Excessive hormone release, called ______, has multiple causes.
hypersecretion
The anterior pituitary gland begins as a part of the pharynx called the _______.
hypophyseal pouch
A hormone deficiency, such as is found in type I diabetes mellitus, is defined as _______.
hyposecretion
Inadequate hormone release is called ______.
hyposecretion
Axons run from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary bundled together as the ______.
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
Many functions of the ___ are carried out by way of the pituitary gland, which is closely associated with it both anatomically and physiologically.
hypothalamus
The endocrine organ that regulates primitive functions of the body, ranging from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth is the
hypothalamus
The endocrine organ that regulates primitive functions of the body, ranging from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth is the ______.
hypothalamus
The infundibulum connects the ______.
hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
The hormone secreted by the ovarian follicle that inhibits follicle stimulating hormone is ______.
inhibin
Hypothalamic hormones are described as ______ hormones if they suppress pituitary secretion.
inhibiting
A condition when the hormone is present, but the body is unresponsive to it, such as with type 2 diabetes mellitus, is called hormone
insensitivity
Pancreatic beta cells secrete ___ during and immediately following a meal
insulin
The hormone called ___ stimulates cells to uptake glucose and store or metabolize them. Therefore, it lowers the blood glucose level.
insulin
The hormone that antagonizes the effects of glucagon by suppressing the breakdown of glycogen is
insulin
The hormone that stimulates cells to absorb amino acids and glucose and store or metabolize them, therefore, lowering the blood glucose level is _______.
insulin
In the testes, the cells responsible for testosterone production are the ______ cells.
interstitial
Located between the seminiferous tubules of the testis are clusters of ___ endocrine cells that secrete testosterone.
interstitial
Shrinkage of an organ, such as the pineal gland, by natural processes is called ______.
involution
A small cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secretes insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and other intercellular messengers is a pancreatic _______.
islet
The two lobes of the thyroid gland are joined by a narrow bridge of tissue called the
isthmus
Although the ______ produces the majority of the body's EPO the liver also produces a significant amount of EPO.
kidney
About 85% of the body's erythropoietin is secreted by the
kidneys
Erythropoietin, calcitriol, and angiotensin II are all secreted or modified by the ______.
kidneys
Because of the changes in the endocrine system, the stress response ______ in the elderly compared to a younger person.
lasts longer
Angiotensinogen is secreted by the
liver
Hepcidin, IGF, and erythropoietin are all secreted by the ______.
liver
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) is secreted by the ______.
liver
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are secreted by the
liver
Which organ secretes angiotensinogen?
liver
The hormone that stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production by the testes in males is ______ hormone.
luteinizing
The inner core of the adrenal glands constituting 10 - 20% of the gland, is the adrenal ______.
medulla
The part of the adrenal gland that has a dual nature, acting as both an endocrine gland and a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system, is the adrenal
medulla
The adrenal cortex is formed from the ______.
mesothelium in the peritoneal cavity
The adrenal cortex regulates the body's electrolyte balance through the secretion of ______.
mineralocorticoids
Increased blood volume stretches the heart wall, which stimulates the heart muscle cells to secrete _______.
natriuretic peptides
The effects of the ______ system stimulates only one organ. Its effects are precisely targeted and relatively specific.
nervous
In response to a stimulus, the ______ system responds within milliseconds, while the ______ system takes much longer to act.
nervous, endocrine
When a stimulus ceases, the ___ system stops responding almost immediately, whereas effects of the ___ system effects may persist for several days or even weeks.
nervous, endocrine
The adrenal medulla is formed from ______.
neural crest cells
The posterior pituitary begins as a an extension of the hypothalamus called the ______.
neurohypophyseal bud
The posterior one-quarter of the pituitary is called the
neurohypophysis
The posterior one-quarter of the pituitary is called the ______.
neurohypophysis
Osteocalcin, which increases the number of pancreatic beta cells and insulin output is secreted by cells called
osteoblasts
Estrogen, progesterone and inhibin are all secreted by the ______.
ovaries
The hormone that stimulates labor contractions in childbirth and stimulates the flow of milk from the mammary gland to the nipple in lactating women is ______.
oxytocin
The ___ s an elongated, spongy gland located below and behind the stomach, and is primarily an exocrine digestive gland.
pancreas
The endocrine organ next to the duodenum shown in the figure is the
pancreas
The thyroid gland contains areas of C (clear) cells, also called ___ cells, between the follicles.
parafollicular
The ovoid glands partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid are the ___ glands.
parathyroid
The establishment of 24 hour circadian rhythms is due in part to secretions of the ___ gland
pineal
The gland that is attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain, beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum, is the ___ gland
pineal
The two structures that have a more wide-ranging influence than any other part of the endocrine system are the hypothalamus and the ___ gland
pituitary
Identify the functions of oxytocin. Select all that apply.
Stimulates labor contractions May play a role in propulsion of sperm through reproductive tracts Stimulates flow of milk to the nipple
The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate other organ systems, but how do they affect each other?
The nervous and endocrine systems are continually regulating each other.
Pineal secretion peaks between the ages of ______ years and declines 75% by the end of puberty.
1-5
The levels of testosterone in an 80-year old male are about ______% of the levels in a 20-year-old male.
20
At what age does the thymus reach its peak size?
5-6 years
Corticotropes
ACTH
The hormone released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to low blood pressure to promote water retention by the kidneys is
ADH
Name the target organ for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Adrenal cortex
Which hormone stimulates the release of glucocorticoids?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Which cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon?
Alpha
Which adrenal cortical hormones are responsible for the growth of pubic and axillary hair during puberty?
Androgens
Which adrenal cortical hormones stimulate somatic changes at puberty in both sexes?
Androgens
Which hormone increases water retention by the kidneys, reduces urine volume, and helps prevent dehydration?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What are the two hormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin (OT)
Where is the adrenal medulla?
At the core of the adrenal gland, superior to the kidney
Which hormone stimulates the deposition of calcium in bones?
Calcitonin
Identify the hormones that the liver plays a role in synthesizing. Select all that apply.
Calcitriol IGF Angiotensinogen Erythropoietin Hepcidin
Identify the correct statements regarding nervous and endocrine system communication methods. Select all that apply.
Cells of the nervous system communicate predominantly via electrical signals. Cells of the endocrine system communicate using chemical signals. Cells of the nervous system communicate using chemical signals.
Identify cell type classes found in the anterior pituitary gland. Select all that apply.
Chromophobes Basophils Acidophils
Identify the two parts of the adrenal gland.
Cortex Medulla
What cell types would you find in these pancreatic islets? Select all that apply.
Delta Beta Alpha
The abbreviation for erythropoietin is ______.
EPO
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Embedded in the thyroid gland
Which signaling systems has the longest lived effects?
Endocrine
Identify three body systems in which the thymus plays a role.
Endocrine Immune Lymphatic
Identify the germ layers that contribute to endocrine system structures. Select all that apply.
Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm
When stimulated, what do chromaffin cells release?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
After a severe hemorrhage, one would expect levels of which hormone to be elevated?
Erythropoietin
As it name sounds, the hormone inhibin inhibits the formation of another hormone. Which hormone does it inhibit?
FSH
Which hormone stimulates the production of sperm or the development of the ovarian follicle?
FSH
Gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland are responsible for secreting which hormones? Select all that apply.
FSH LH
Identify the hormones that are categorized as gonadotropins because they target the gonads. Select all that apply.
FSH LH
Gonadotropes
FSH and LH
True or false: Hypothalamic hormones are described as releasing hormones if they suppress pituitary secretion.
False
True or false: Organs can have only endocrine OR exocrine functions, not both.
False
True or false: Pineal secretion peaks between 5 and 10 years of age.
False
True or false: The inner core of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal cortex.
False
Identify the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Select all that apply.
Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Prolactin
Somatotropes
GH
The hormone that stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation and thus tissue growth throughout the body is _______.
GH
FSH and LH are examples of what type of hormones?
Gonadotropins
What does a calorigenic effect increase?
Heat production
Identify the statement that best describes the relationship between the endocrine and nervous systems.
Hormones can affect neurons and neurons can trigger hormone secretion.
Identify the primary causes of endocrine disorders. Select all that apply.
Hypersecretion Hyposecretion Hormone insensitivity
This system consists of a network of primary capillaries in the hypothalamus, a group of small veins called portal venules that travel down the stalk, and a complex of secondary capillaries in the anterior pituitary.
Hypophyseal portal system
Many of the functions of which organ are carried out by way of the pituitary gland, which is closely associated with it both anatomically and physiologically?
Hypothalamus
Which endocrine tissue produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and prolactin-inhibiting hormone?
Hypothalamus
The abbreviation for insulin-like growth factor is
IGF
Where is the thymus located?
In the mediastinum
Which structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
Infundibulum
Which substances are secreted by pancreatic islet cells? Select all that apply.
Insulin Somatostatin Glucagon
Which pair of hormones acts antagonistically to one another?
Insulin and glucagon
The two lobes of the thyroid are joined by what narrow piece of tissue?
Isthmus
Which hormone is secreted by adipose tissue?
Leptin
With elderly people, loss of muscle mass has what effect on blood glucose levels after eating?
Levels stay high for a longer period.
Identify the tissues and organs found outside the endocrine system that also secrete hormones. Select all that apply.
Liver Kidneys Heart Adipose tissue
Identify potential causes of impaired glucose metabolism among the elderly.
Loss of muscle mass Increased body fat Poor diet
Identify the categories of corticosteroids.
Mineralocorticoids Sex steroids Glucocorticoids
Identify the effects of the secretions from the adrenal medulla. Select all that apply.
Mobilize glucose resources Increase heart rate Increase metabolic rate
When stimulated, which system responds more quickly?
Nervous
What are neurons that release their secretions into the bloodstream called?
Neuroendocrine cells
This structure is composed of nervous tissue (nerve fibers and neuroglia), rather than glandular tissue.
Neurohypophysis
Identify the two structures that comprise the pituitary gland.
Neurohypophysis Adenohypophysis
Identify the statement that correctly describes neurotransmitter and hormone effects.
Neurotransmitters have short-lived effects within a limited area, while hormones exert their effects throughout the body for longer periods of time.
Identify the hormones that contribute to the development of the reproductive system and feminine physique, promote adolescent bone growth, regulate the menstrual cycle, sustain pregnancy, and prepare the mammary glands for lactation. Select all that apply.
Progesterone Estradiol
Identify three hormones that the ovaries secrete.
Progesterone Inhibin Estrogen
Which cells or glands secrete osteocalcin?
Osteoblasts
Which of the following are referred to as "gonads"? Select all that apply.
Ovary Testis
Lactotropes
PRL
Which endocrine gland also acts as an exocrine gland?
Pancreas
Calcitonin is produced and secreted by which type of cells in the thyroid gland?
Parafollicular
A tumor of the adrenal medulla can lead to excessive secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. What is this type of tumor called?
Pheochromocytoma
Which gland produces melatonin?
Pineal
Name the gland that plays a role in the establishment of a 24 hour circadian rhythms.
Pineal gland
Which endocrine gland is housed in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone?
Pituitary gland
Which components of the endocrine system exert the most wide-ranging influence on the entire endocrine system?
Pituitary, hypothalamus
Estrogen from what organ inhibits the mammary glands from responding to prolactin until birth?
Placenta
In addition to the ovary, what organ secretes progesterone and estrogen?
Placenta
Describe the location of the pancreas.
Posterior to the stomach
Identify the function of angiotensin II.
Raises blood pressure
Where are the ovaries located?
Retroperitoneal in the pelvic cavity
In the testes, the hormone inhibin, is secreted by the ___ cells
Sertoli
Which adrenal cortical hormones have various developmental and reproductive functions?
Sex steroids
Identify the functions of FSH. Select all that apply.
Sperm production Secretion of ovarian hormones Development of follicles
Identify the functions of TSH. Select all that apply.
Stimulates an increase in the growth of the thyroid gland Increases body temperature Stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones
The abbreviation for triiodothyronine is
T3
The follicular cells of the thyroid secrete ______.
T3 and T4
Thyrotropes
TSH
Indicate the gland that produces testosterone.
Testis
Which endocrine organ is located in the scrotum?
Testis
Select the statement that accurately describes changes in endocrine glands with age.
The adrenal gland shrinks just after birth.
What is glycemia?
The blood glucose concentration
Identify three actions of luteinizing hormone (LH).
The secretion of testosterone The secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum Ovulation
What is the function of the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and the zona reticularis?
These layers secrete corticosteroids.
What is the function of the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and the zona reticularis?These layers secrete corticosteroids.
These layers secrete corticosteroids.
Which describes neuroendocrine cells?
They release their secretions into the bloodstream.
Identify the hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulate activity of T lymphoctyes. Select all that apply.
Thymopoietin Thymosin Thymulin
Which endocrine gland secretes several hormones that stimulate lymphatic organs and T cell activity?
Thymus
Which endocrine gland serves as the site of T lymphocyte maturation?
Thymus
Identify the hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Select all that apply.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Prolactin-inhibiting hormone Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Which two hormones are more generally classified as thyroid hormones?
Thyroxine Triiodothyronine
What is the function of growth hormone?
To stimulate mitosis and cell differentiation
What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
To stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
True or false: Adrenal sex steroids have various developmental and reproductive functions.
True
Identify the layers of glandular tissue that secrete corticosteroids. Select all that apply.
Zona glomerulosa Zona reticularis Zona fasciculata
The hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract is best described as ______.
a bundle of nerves that connect the hypothalamus and the posterior lobe
The hypophyseal portal system is best described as ______.
a capillary network in the hypothalamus
The anterior 3/4 of the pituitary gland is called the _______.
adenohypophysis
The hormone leptin, which has long-term effects on appetite-regulating centers of the hypothalamus, is secreted by ___ tissue
adipose
The endocrine perched near the superior portion of the kidney is the ___ gland
adrenal
The mineralocorticoid that stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium in the body fluids and excrete potassium in the urine is
aldosterone
The primary secretion of the zona glomerulosa is ______.
aldosterone
The steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that acts on the kidneys to promote sodium retention and potassium excretion is
aldosterone
The steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that acts on the kidneys to promote sodium retention and potassium excretion is _______.
aldosterone
In both sexes, the group of adrenal cortical hormones called ___ induce the growth of pubic and axillary hair and their associated apocrine scent glands at puberty and stimulate the libido (sex drive) throughout adolescent and adult life.
androgens
The hormone that raises blood pressure by stimulating vasoconstriction and stimulating the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone is ______.
angiotensin II
The adenohyophysis is the ______ portion of the pituitary gland.
anterior
Acidophils and basophils are classes of cells found in the ______ gland.
anterior pituitary
FSH, LH and prolactin are all produced in the ______.
anterior pituitary
The stress response in the elderly is not well controlled because the ______.
anterior pituitary is less responsive to cortisol
The pineal gland is located ______.
attached to the roof of the third ventricle
Place the cell types of the pancreatic islets in order from highest percentage to lowest.
beta alpha delta PP
Which pancreatic cells secrete insulin?
beta cells
Glands that secrete their products by way of a duct onto an epithelial surface such as the skin or the mucosa of the digestive tract are categorized as ______ glands.
exocrine
The pancreas produces insulin as well as digestive enzymes. This means that the pancreas has _______ functions.
both endocrine and exocrine
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete ___ in response to rising blood calcium
calcitonin
The hormone that stimulates osteoblast activity, and thus prevents an increase in blood calcium levels, is
calcitonin
The keratinocytes of the skin produce the hormone ___, which assists in calcium regulation.
calcitriol
The keratinocytes of the skin produce the hormone cholecalciferol, which will eventually be converted to ________ or vitamin D3 and assist in calcium regulation.
calcitriol
Identify the hormones that the kidneys play a role in synthesizing.
calcitriol angiotensin II erythropoietin
PTH is secreted in response to low levels of the mineral
calcium
Increased heat production is called a ___ effect
calorigenic
In regards to their effects on target cells, hormones and neurotransmitters ______.
can produce identical effects on the same target cells
Corticosteroids are synthesized from _______.
cholesterol
The part of the adrenal gland that produces more than 25 steroid hormones, known collectively as the corticosteroids, is the adrenal
cortex
The part of the adrenal gland that produces more than 25 steroid hormones, known collectively as the corticosteroids, is the adrenal ______.
cortex
Any steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, such as aldosterone, cortisol, and sex steroids is categorized as a(n)
corticosteroid
Sex hormones, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids all belong to the family of hormones called ______.
corticosteroids
The most potent of the glucocorticoids is
cortisol
Somatostatin is produced by the ___ cells in the pancreatic islets.
delta
Somatostatin is produced by the _____ cells in the pancreatic islets.
delta
Estrogen and progesterone contribute to ______.
development of the reproductive system
Beginning at around age 50-55, estrogen levels in females ______.
drop drastically
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an example of a disorder that occurs due to ______.
dysfunction of hormone receptors
Mineralocorticoids regulate the body's ______.
electrolyte balance
An iodine deficiency can cause ______.
endemic goiter
Glands that are ductless and release their secretions into the bloodstream are categorized as ______ glands.
endocrine
Responds more slowly, but has longer lasting effects. This statement best describes the effects of the ______ system.
endocrine
The effects of the ______ system stimulate organs throughout the body and are widespread.
endocrine
The glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones constitute the ___ system
endocrine
Chemical signals are the primary method of communication of the _____ system and electrical signals are the primary method of communication of the _____ system.
endocrine, nervous
The study of the glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones and of the diagnosis and treatment of their disorders is called ______.
endocrinology
The cells of the stomach and small intestine that secrete enteric hormones targeting the intestines are called ___ cells
enteroendocrine
Like other glands, endocrine glands develop from embryonic ______ tissue
epithelial
The hormone that is secreted by the kidneys and liver and which stimulates red blood cell production is
erythropoietin
A family of steroid hormones known especially for producing female secondary sex characteristics and regulating various aspects of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy is called
estrogens
A family of steroid hormones known especially for producing female secondary sex characteristics and regulating various aspects of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy is called _______.
estrogens
The adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis are both part of the ___ gland
pituitary/hypophysis
A target cell is best described as a cell ______.
possessing a hormone receptor
The part of the pituitary gland that is composed of nervous tissue (nerve fibers and neuroglia), not epithelial tissue, is the ___ pituitary gland
posterior
The pancreas is located retroperitoneally and ______.
posterior to the stomach
The action of glucagon is best described as ______.
promoting glycogenolysis
Parathyroid hormone plays an important role in ______.
raising blood calcium
Hypothalamic tropic hormones are described as ___ hormones if they stimulate pituitary cells to secrete hormones of their own.
releasing
The hypothalamic hormone(s) that stimulate the pituitary to secrete its own hormones is/are ______.
releasing hormones
The function of aldosterone is to stimulate the kidneys to ______.
retain sodium and excrete potassium
The innermost (deepest) layer of the secretory glandular tissue of the adrenal cortex is the zona
reticularis
The innermost (deepest) layer of the secretory glandular tissue of the adrenal cortex is the zona ______.
reticularis
Thyroid follicles are best defined as ______.
sacs in the thyroid filled with thyroglobulin
One commonality between the kidneys, skin, and stomach is the function of:
secreting hormones
As humans age, several endocrine glands undergo involution, which means they ______.
shrink in size
The process of involution refers to the ______ of an organ or gland.
shrinkage
The neurotransmitter, norepinephrine and hormone, glucagon have _____ effects on target cells in the liver.
similar
Because of their foamy appearance, cells of the zona fasciculata are referred to as
spongiocytes
The function of PRL is to ______.
stimulate the mammary glands to synthesize milk
The adrenal glands are located ______.
superior to the kidney
The adrenal glands are found ______.
superior to the kidneys
In the testes, the hormone inhibin is secreted by the _______ cells.
sustentacular
Secretions from the adrenal medulla mimic the effects of the _______ nervous system.
sympathetic
A cell acted upon by a nerve fiber, hormone, or other chemical messenger is called a(n) ___ cell
target
The organs that secrete testosterone, lesser amounts of weaker androgens and estrogens, and inhibin are the
testis
The hormone responsible for the development and general health of the male reproductive tract is _______.
testosterone
The hormone that directly stimulates development of the male reproductive system, secondary sexual characteristics and sustains sperm production and the sex drive throughout adult life is _______.
testosterone
Weak adrenal cortical androgens, which possess little biological activity, are converted to the much more potent androgen called ______.
testosterone
Enteroendocrine cells are best described as cells ______.
that secrete hormones into the stomach and small intestine
The endocrine system may be defined as ______.
the glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones
Cortisol is best described as ______.
the most potent of the glucocorticoids
The capsule around each follicle in the ovaries is called the ______.
theca
The gland that is a site of maturation for T lymphocytes is the
thymus
Parafollicular cells are located in the ______.
thyroid
The largest endocrine gland in adults, weighing about 25 g, is the
thyroid
Two similar hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, synthesized from iodine and tyrosine, can be generally classified as ______ hormones.
thyroid
T3 and T4 are produced by the ______.
thyroid follicular cells
The calorigenic effect is most directly associated with ______.
thyroid hormone
The primary effect of ______ is to increase the body's metabolic rate.
thyroid hormone
The hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and secretion of thyroid hormones is ______.
thyroid-stimulating hormone
The abbreviation T4 stands for
thyroxine
The thyroid hormone that is secreted in greatest quantity, with four iodine atoms, is called ______.
thyroxine
Hormones that target another endocrine gland and stimulate that gland to produce more hormones are called ___ hormones
trophic
Hormones that target another endocrine gland and stimulate that gland to produce more hormones are called ______ hormones.
trophic