Chapter 18

An estimated ______ Spaniards emigrated from Europe to the Americas between 1500 and 1800

300,000

Dubbed Doña Marina, Malinche was:

A Nahuatl-speaking woman who acted as translator for Hernán Cortés.

The British colony of Georgia became:

A major plantation colony

For 200 years after its founding in 1545, Potosí in modern ___________ produced over half of the silver of Spanish America.

Bolivia

Spain, under the _______, enacted significant reforms in order to regain control over their American possessions

Bourbons

I from the middle of the seventeenth century, the Pueblo's de Indios were fully functional, self administering units, with councils (________), churches, schools, communal lands, and family parcels

Cabildos

The Spanish captured the last emperor of the Aztecs, _______, in 1521 and executed him in 1525.

Cuauhtémoc

The Colombian Exchange characterizes the transfer of plants animals and ______ between the americas and the rest of the world

Diseases

By means of land-labor grants called __________, Spanish entrepreneurs were entitled to use forced indigenous or imported slave labor to exploit natural resources in the New World

Encomiendas

To support the mining centers and administrative cities, the Spanish colonial government _________ the development of agricultural estates (haciendas)

Encouraged

The most successful ______ settlement in North America was in the subtropical district at the mouth of the Mississippi River in what is now Louisiana, where settlers with African slaves founded sugar plantations.

French

Brazil production of _______ in the eighteenth century, was a welcome bonanzas for Portugal at a time of low agricultural prices

Gold

The success of Cortés and Pizzaro spurred additional expeditions to find _______.

Gold

By the early seventeenth century, an elite of Spaniards who _______, called creoles, was in place to assist and then replaced Spanish administrators

Had been born in the Americas

Leading a force of about 300 Spanish men, ______ defeated a much larger force at Tabasco in 1518

Hernán Cortéz

The participation of Virginia settlers _________ was an indication that the British would not follow the same policies in the New World as their Spanish counterparts

In colonial administration

I'm the second half of the 1600s, the ________ drive many smaller groups westward into the Great Lakes region and Mississippi plains

Iroquois

Having laid waste to Cuzco, Pizarro founded a new Andean capital at ____ in 1535

Lima

Juana Inés de la Cruz secretly studied Latin, Greek, and _________ in her maternal grandfather's library

Nahuatl

Felipe Guamán Pima de Ayala was one of several:

Native American and mestizo chroniclers, historians, and commentators

Native Americans extracted silver from rock using the _______ method

Patio

Agriculture in the New World was _________ during the 16th century.

Peripheral to the economy of the spanish empire

Anne Hutchison was famous for:

Preaching an antinomian position in defiance of the General Court of Massachusetts

The term "casta" or caste was a collective name used to draw distinctions among degrees of:

Racial Mixture

Portuguese colonial cities and Jesuits repeatedly clashed over _______ of the "pioneers" (bandeirantes) into the Brazilian interior

Slave raids

After Hernán Cortés arrived at the city of _____, he soon captured the emperor Moctezuma II who was forced to swear allegiance to Emperor Charles V

Tenochtitlán

What operated in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to limit the intermingling of Catholicism with traditional religion?

The Spanish Inquisition

Losses to the Spanish empire came in the mid-seventeenth century, beginning with:

The capture of Jamaica by the British in 1655

What caused the European immigrant population to rise in Brazil during the late seventeenth century?

The discovery of gold

What was not a Bourbon reform in the Spanish colonies?

The opening of ports to non Spanish merchant ships

The main impulse for the revivalist moment known as the "Great Awakening" of the 1730s and 1740s was:

The tour of the Methodist preachers John and Charles Wesley through Georgia

The main impulses for the revivalist movement known as the "Great Awakening" of the 1730s and 1740s was:

The tour of the Methodist preachers John and Charles Wesley through Georgia

What gave the Spanish military advantage over their Native American opponents?

They possessed steel weapons and armor

As In Spain, the only income tax in New Spain was the:

Tithe paid to the church, which the administration, at times, used for its own purposes

After meeting Pizarro at the town square of Camamarca in 1532, Atahualpa:

Was captured and his unarmed retainers murdered

I'm Brazil, black freedman and mulattoes:

We're farmers and craft producers