Chapter 18
An estimated ______ Spaniards emigrated from Europe to the Americas between 1500 and 1800
300,000
Dubbed Doña Marina, Malinche was:
A Nahuatl-speaking woman who acted as translator for Hernán Cortés.
The British colony of Georgia became:
A major plantation colony
For 200 years after its founding in 1545, Potosí in modern ___________ produced over half of the silver of Spanish America.
Bolivia
Spain, under the _______, enacted significant reforms in order to regain control over their American possessions
Bourbons
I from the middle of the seventeenth century, the Pueblo's de Indios were fully functional, self administering units, with councils (________), churches, schools, communal lands, and family parcels
Cabildos
The Spanish captured the last emperor of the Aztecs, _______, in 1521 and executed him in 1525.
Cuauhtémoc
The Colombian Exchange characterizes the transfer of plants animals and ______ between the americas and the rest of the world
Diseases
By means of land-labor grants called __________, Spanish entrepreneurs were entitled to use forced indigenous or imported slave labor to exploit natural resources in the New World
Encomiendas
To support the mining centers and administrative cities, the Spanish colonial government _________ the development of agricultural estates (haciendas)
Encouraged
The most successful ______ settlement in North America was in the subtropical district at the mouth of the Mississippi River in what is now Louisiana, where settlers with African slaves founded sugar plantations.
French
Brazil production of _______ in the eighteenth century, was a welcome bonanzas for Portugal at a time of low agricultural prices
Gold
The success of Cortés and Pizzaro spurred additional expeditions to find _______.
Gold
By the early seventeenth century, an elite of Spaniards who _______, called creoles, was in place to assist and then replaced Spanish administrators
Had been born in the Americas
Leading a force of about 300 Spanish men, ______ defeated a much larger force at Tabasco in 1518
Hernán Cortéz
The participation of Virginia settlers _________ was an indication that the British would not follow the same policies in the New World as their Spanish counterparts
In colonial administration
I'm the second half of the 1600s, the ________ drive many smaller groups westward into the Great Lakes region and Mississippi plains
Iroquois
Having laid waste to Cuzco, Pizarro founded a new Andean capital at ____ in 1535
Lima
Juana Inés de la Cruz secretly studied Latin, Greek, and _________ in her maternal grandfather's library
Nahuatl
Felipe Guamán Pima de Ayala was one of several:
Native American and mestizo chroniclers, historians, and commentators
Native Americans extracted silver from rock using the _______ method
Patio
Agriculture in the New World was _________ during the 16th century.
Peripheral to the economy of the spanish empire
Anne Hutchison was famous for:
Preaching an antinomian position in defiance of the General Court of Massachusetts
The term "casta" or caste was a collective name used to draw distinctions among degrees of:
Racial Mixture
Portuguese colonial cities and Jesuits repeatedly clashed over _______ of the "pioneers" (bandeirantes) into the Brazilian interior
Slave raids
After Hernán Cortés arrived at the city of _____, he soon captured the emperor Moctezuma II who was forced to swear allegiance to Emperor Charles V
Tenochtitlán
What operated in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to limit the intermingling of Catholicism with traditional religion?
The Spanish Inquisition
Losses to the Spanish empire came in the mid-seventeenth century, beginning with:
The capture of Jamaica by the British in 1655
What caused the European immigrant population to rise in Brazil during the late seventeenth century?
The discovery of gold
What was not a Bourbon reform in the Spanish colonies?
The opening of ports to non Spanish merchant ships
The main impulse for the revivalist moment known as the "Great Awakening" of the 1730s and 1740s was:
The tour of the Methodist preachers John and Charles Wesley through Georgia
The main impulses for the revivalist movement known as the "Great Awakening" of the 1730s and 1740s was:
The tour of the Methodist preachers John and Charles Wesley through Georgia
What gave the Spanish military advantage over their Native American opponents?
They possessed steel weapons and armor
As In Spain, the only income tax in New Spain was the:
Tithe paid to the church, which the administration, at times, used for its own purposes
After meeting Pizarro at the town square of Camamarca in 1532, Atahualpa:
Was captured and his unarmed retainers murdered
I'm Brazil, black freedman and mulattoes:
We're farmers and craft producers