Chapter 18: Blood

Identify the correct statement regarding leukocytes.

Leukocytes spend only a few hours in the bloodstream, then migrate through the walls of the capillaries.

Identify the incorrect statement regarding blood groups other than ABO and Rh.

They frequently cause transfusion reactions.

Which of the following is NOT a function of platelets?

They inhibit procoagulants.

Choose the correct statement regarding the function of platelets.

They secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting.

What are the two principal functions of erythrocytes?

To pick up oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to tissues and to pick up carbon dioxide from the tissues and unload it in the lungs

An individual with A antigens on their RBCs but no B antigens has which ABO blood type?

Type A

In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains __________.

are broken down by macrophages into amino acids

In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the iron __________.

is transported by transferrin to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

After tissue repair is completed, factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that, in turn, converts an inactive plasminogen into _________, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot.

plasmin

In healthy blood vessels, platelets do not adhere because the smooth endothelium is coated with ______________.

prostacyclin

What is the function of fibrin?

Fibrin creates the framework of a blood clot.

Place the following formed elements in order of abundance in a normal blood sample, beginning with the most numerous.

1. Erythrocytes 2. Platelets 3. Leukocytes (total) 4. Neutrophils 5. Lymphocytes 6. Monocytes 7. Eosinophils 8. Basophils

List, in order, the stages of erythropoiesis. Start with the least differentiated cell type and end with erythrocytes.

1. Hemopoietic stem cells 2. Colony-forming units 3. Erythroblasts 4. Reticulocytes 5. Erythrocytes

How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?

4

Which of the following is the correct sequence in the breakdown of the non-iron portion of the heme?

Heme, biliverdin, bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, bilirubin derivatives, feces and urine

What is the first procoagulant that the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways have in common?

Factor X

Indicate whether the number of the cell type would increase, decrease, or not be affected by each given situation.

- Increase: 1. Erythrocytes: high altitude 2. Erythrocytes: long term hypoxia 3. B lymphocytes: influenza infection 4. Basophils: chronic asthma 5. Eosinophils: tapeworm infection - Relatively no change: 1. Erythrocytes: acute viral infection - Decrease: 1. Erythrocytes: dietary iron deficiency 2. Erythrocytes: erythropoietin hyposecretion 3. Erythrocytes: declining intrinsic factor 4. Erythrocytes: acute, profuse hemorrhage

Which of the following correctly describe hemophilia? Check all that apply.

- It has a sex-linked recessive mechanism of heredity. - Most hemophilia occurs predominantly in males. - Classical hemophilia (hemophilia A) is caused by a lack of factor VIII. - Hemophilia B is caused by a lack of factor IX.

Choose the statement(s) that describe(s) hemolytic disease of the newborn. Check all that apply.

- It occurs when an Rh- woman carries an Rh+ fetus. - The first pregnancy is likely to be uneventful because the placenta normally prevents maternal and fetal blood from mixing. - At the time of birth, or if a miscarriage occurs, placental tearing exposes the mother to Rh+ fetal blood and she begins to produce anti-D antibodies. - If she becomes pregnant again with an Rh+ fetus, her anti-D antibodies may pass through the placenta and agglutinate the fetal erythrocytes.

Which of the following characteristics of a red blood cell increases its ability to carry oxygen to the tissues? Check all that apply.

- Lacking mitochondria, RBCs rely exclusively on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP. - The cytoplasm of an RBC consists mainly of a 33% solution of hemoglobin. - RBCs lose nearly all organelles during their development. - Lacking a nucleus and DNA, RBCs also are incapable of protein synthesis and mitosis.

Plasma transports which of the following? Check all that apply.

- Nutrients from the digestive system - Oxygen from the lungs - Nitrogenous wastes from the kidneys

Which values are correct for human blood? Check all that apply.

- Osmolarity: 280-296 mOsm/L - pH: 7.35 - 7.45 - Volume in females: 4-5 L; volume in males: 5-6 L - Total WBC count: 5,000 - 10,000/microliter

Identify each cell as being a precursor cell still in the process of leukopoiesis or a final, mature leukocyte.

- Precursor Cells: monoblast, lymphoblast, promonocyte, neutrophilic promyelocyte, B prolymphocyte - Mature Cells: eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, neutrophil, B lymphocyte, NK cell, T lymphocyte

Classify the following statements and characteristics with the appropriate method of clotting prevention.

- Repulsion: 1. It occurs when blood vessels are undamaged. 2. Prostacyclin coats the vessel walls. -Dilution: 1. Normal rates of blood flow account for it. 2. Circulatory shock interferes with it. -Anticoagulants: 1. Antithrombin deactivates thrombin before it can act on fibrinogen. 2. Heparin interferes with the formation of prothrombin activator. 3. Heparin blocks the action of thrombin on fibrinogen. 4. Heparin promotes the action of antithrombin.

Choose the accurate statement(s) about the two reaction pathways that lead to the common pathway of coagulation. Check all that apply.

- The intrinsic mechanism uses only clotting factors found in the blood itself. - In most cases of bleeding, both the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms work simultaneously to contribute to hemostasis. - The extrinsic mechanism is initiated by clotting factors released by the damaged blood vessel and perivascular tissues.

Drag each of the labels into the appropriate position to indicate which blood type is being described.

- Type AB+: 1. The least common U.S. blood type 2. The universal acceptor 3. Expresses the A agglutinogen 4. Expresses all of the major antigens - Type O-: 1. The most common U.S. blood type 2. The universal donor 3. Expresses the B agglutinin 4. Expresses all of the major antibodies

Individuals with which blood types will have anti-A agglutinins in their plasma? Check all that apply.

- Type B- - Type O+

Choose the correct statement(s) regarding the composition of plasma. Check all that apply.

- Water represents 92% by weight. - Albumin is 60% of the total protein portion. - The most abundant nitrogenous waste is urea.

Viscosity and osmolarity will both increase if the amount of ____________ in the blood increases.

erythrocytes and protein

What are the components of the circulatory system?

heart, blood vessels, blood