Chapter 18 - Global Climate Change

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warms, cools

Positive forcing ______ the surface; negative cooling ______ it.

Atmospheric Gasses

3 or more atoms in their molecules tend to absorb infrared radiation given off by the earth surface then re-emit back downward

150 million

According to Climate Central estimates _____ ______ or more people are currently living on a land that will either be submerged or exposed to chronic flooding by 2100

Climate

Describes an area's long-term atmospheric conditions

Milankovitch Cycles

Earth wobbles on its axis, varies in tilt, and experiences changes in the shape of its orbit in regular long term cycles

sulfur

aerosol that reflect solar energy and have a cooling effect

greenhouse gas

atmospheric gases having 3 or more atoms in their molecules tend to absorb infrared radiation given off by the earths surface then re-emit it back downward

26

by 2050, how many emerging U.S. cities will face an "emerging flooding crisis"

Soot particles (Black carbon aerosols)

cause warming by absorbing solar energy

soot particles "black carbon aerosols

causes warming by absorbing solar energy

Global climate change

changes in temperature, precipitation and frequency and intensity of storms across the world

wildlife, ecosystems and society

climate change predicts future changes as well as impacts on what 3 things

70%

clouds ice soil and water absorb about _______% of solar energy impacting the earth

East Antarctic Ice sheet

could raise sea level globally by 170 feet. Virtually the entire state of Florida would be Underwater

Global Climate Change

describes the changes in temp. precipitation, and the frequency and intensity of storms across the world

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

established in 1988 by United Nations to review and summarize all available data in climate studies for policymakers and general public

50-100 inches inland

every vertical inch of sea-level rise moves the ocean ________________________.

West Antarctic ice sheet

holds enough ice to raise sea level globally by 19 feet. Costal and south Florida would be flooded

drill into ice caps/sheets to analyze the tiny bubbles of atmosphere that collected as the ice formed

how do scientists gather information about the past in ice sheets

enter past climate data and running the model toward the present

how is the efficiency of climate models tested

at least 6

how many times a year will salt water intrusion bubble up from the ground causing floods

1.1 degrees C

how much have average surface temperatures risen in the past 100 years

the target number for current climate negotiations. the sea levels may still rise at least 6 meters, reshaping coastline

if the world manages to limit global warming to 2 degrees C

Aerosols

microscopic droplets that can have either a warming or cooling effect when present in the atmosphere

aerosols

microscopic droplets that can have either a warming or cooling effect when present in the atmosphere

negative feedback loop

more atmospheric water vapor could enhance cloudiness, reflecting sunlight back into space and slow warming in a _______ _________ ________

positive feedback loop

more atmospheric water vapor could lead to more warming causing more evaporation in a _______ _______ ______

Carbon Dioxide

most significant greenhouse gas releasaded by human activity mostly through burning of fossil fuels. main contributor to climate change.

Thermohaline circulation

moves warm, tropical water north, where the heat is released near Western Europe

climate change

phenomenon that most shapes the near future for young people

methane

produced when vegetation is burned, digested, or rotted with no oxygen present

climate models

programs that combine what is known about atmospheric circulation, ocean circulation, atmosphere-ocean interactions and feedback cycles to simulate climate dynamics

Climate Models

programs that combine what is known about atmospheric/ocean circulation and feedback cycles to simulate climate dynamics

Greenhouse Effect

re-warming of the lower atmosphere by the emitting of inferred energy by gas

Global warming

refers specifically to an increase in Earth's average temperature and is only one aspect of climate change

Global warming

refers specifically to an increase in earths average temperature and is only one aspect of climate change

sulfer aerosols

reflect solar energy causing a cooling effect

Milankovitch Cycles

regular long term cycles where earth wobbles on its axis, varies in its tilt and experiences changes in the shape of its orbit

Global warming potential

relative ability of a greenhouse gas molecule to contribute to warming

absorbed and re-emitted

some of infrared radiation is _____ and _______ in all direction say greenhouse gas molecules

El Nino - Southern oscillation

systematic shifts in the atmospheric pressure, sea surface temperature, and ocean circulation in the tropical Pacific Ocean

warm

the Greenhouse Effect is to _____ the earths surface

Radiative forcing

the amount of change in thermal energy that a given factor exerts on the earths temp.

Paleoclimate

the climate in the ancient past

Greenland Ice Sheet

the equivalent of 24 feet of global sea level. Flooding in Florida would be similar to the West Antarctic case

the atmosphere absorbs or reflects most of it

the sun supplies most of our planets energy which ____ ___________________ before it even reaches the surface

The sun The Atmosphere The Oceans

three factors that exert the most influence on the Earths climate

proxy indicators

types of indirect measurements that serve as substitutes for direct measurements

temp. precipitation wind humidity barometric pressure solar radiation

what 6 factors are used to describe climate

grenhouse gases. water vapor, ozone, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and halocarbons

what are atmospheric gases called and what does it include

water vapor ozone carbon dioxide nitrous oxide methane halocarbons

what are considered Greenhouse gases

warming temp. It expanded seawater and caused glaciers and ice sheets to melt

what caused ice sheets to melt in the 20th century? why?

Hong Kong to Dhaka to New York. trillions of dollars

what cities could be effected by the "emerging flooding crisis" and how much would it cost

Mami, with Mami Beach

what city is most affected by floods

Co2 concentrations had increased from 315pp, in 1958 to 400pp, today

what did Charles Keeling notice about Mauna Loa Observatory in 1958

Oxygen, Argon, Carbon Dioxide, water vapor

what does dry air contain

Prevents major temperature shifts from night to day

what does the atmosphere have to do with climate

transfers carbon from one reservoir(underground deposits) to another

what does the combustion of fossil fuels do

store and transport heat and moisture

what does the ocean have todo with climate

contamination of water used for drinking and irrigation

what effects does the sea-level rising cause

become less soluble creating a positive feedback loop that accelerates warming

what happens to gases like CO2 as oceans warm

more water should evaporate and enter the atmosphere

what happens when tropospheric temps increase

kept the planet warm enough to support life

what has the greenhouse effect done for the earth

human activities

what is accelerating the earths climate change

2.3 watts/m^2

what is the Earths radiative force

100km

what is the boundary between our atmosphere and outer space

~200 years or more of warming

what is the estimated times for the impacts of melting Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets to show a difference

summarized trends in surface temperature, precipitation patterns, snow and ice cover, sea levels and storm intensity

what is the firth assessment report the IPCC released in 2013 and 2014

release of carbon in fossil fuels during combustion

what is the primary cause of greenhouse gasses being released into the atmosphere

ozone concentration in the troposphere has grown

what is the result of photochemical smog

floods

what is the result of rising sea levels caused by global climate change

freshwater input from Greenlands melting ice sheets

what may disrupt the flow of thermohaline circulation

garbage dumps, rice paddies and grazing cows or other livestock

what relates methane

sea levels would rise about 60 meters

what would happen if the Antarctic ice sheet completely melted

sea levels would rise by about 6 meters (20 feet)

what would happen if the Greenland ice sheet completely melted

the earths climate system is complex and many feedback systems are not known

why are current models imperfect

auto emissions, feedlots, and the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers

why has the amount of Nitrous oxide in the atmosphere increased?

lies on flat, porous limestone

why is South Florida especially vulnerable to flooding from the ocean

provides a baseline against which we can measure changes to the climate

why is paleoclimate vital


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