CHAPTER 18 PRACTICE QUESTIONS, CHAPTER 19 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
A patient is diagnosed with leukocytosis if they have more than _____ WBCs/μL.
10,000
Assume that the left ventricle of a child's heart has an EDV=90mL, and ESV=60mL, and a cardiac output of 2,400 mL/min. His SV is __________ mL/beat and his HR is __________ bpm.
30; 80
normal hematocrit is ___ of total blood volume.
37%-52%
If the sinoatrial (SA) node is damaged, the heart will likely beat at _______ bpm.
40 to 50
A person with type AB blood has _____ RBC antigen(s).
A and B
A woman's first pregnancy is normal but her second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The second child needed a transfusion to completely replace the agglutinating blood. The mother is most likely type ______ and both children are most likely ______.
A, Rh-negative; B, Rh- postitive
A person with type A blood can safely donate RBCs to someone of type _____ and can receive RBCs from someone of type ____.
AB; O
Why are pregnant Rh- women given an injection of Rh immune globulin?
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-D antibodies.
An individual has type B, Rh-positive blood. The individual has ____ antigen(s) and can produce anti-____ antibodies.
B and D; A
What is the final product of the breakdown of the organic nonprotein moiety of hemoglobin?
Bilirubin
Which of the following might be injected into a patient who is prone to forming blood clots and therefore at risk of a heart attack or stroke?
Heparin
Where are most clotting factors synthesized in the body?
Liver
The pacemaker potential is a result of ____.
Na+ inflow
The universal donor of RBCs, but not necessarily plasma, is blood type ___.
O, Rh-negative
Atrial depolarization causes the _________.
P wave
Isovolumetric contraction occurs during the _______ of the electrocardiogram.
R wave
Where in the body are hemopoietic stem cells found?
Red bone marrow
Which is the correct path of an electrical excitation from the pacemaker to a cardiomyocyte in the left ventricle (LV)?
Sinoatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → Subendothelial conducting network → cardiomyocyte in LV
In a normal ECG, the deflection that is generated by ventricular repolarization is called the ________.
T wave
During coagulation, which of the following is found in the extrinsic mechanism only?
Thromboplastin
Which is the correct sequence of events of the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric relaxation
A deficiency of ____ can cause pernicious anemia.
Vitamin B12
Which of the following would not decrease the blood colloid osmotic pressure (COP)?
a diet predominantly based on red meat
The structural framework of a blood clot is formed by ____.
a fibrin polymer
Correction of hypoxemia is regulated by ___.
a negative feedback loop
What is the most abundant protein in plasma?
albumin
The main reason why an individual with type AB, Rh-negative blood cannot donate blood to an individual with type A, Rh-positive blood is because _____.
anti-B antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor.
When the ventricles relax, the ________ valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle.
aortic
Any abnormal cardiac rhythm is called a(n) ____.
arrhythmia
The ____ are the superior chambers of the heart and the ____ are the inferior chambers of the heart.
atria; ventricles
The area where the major vessels lead to and from the heart's chambers is called the _______ of the heart. The pointy, inferior portion is called the ________.
base; apex
What are the least abundant of the formed elements?
basophils
Which cells aid in the body's defense processes by secreting histamine and heparin?
basophils
The long plateau in the action potential observed in cardiomyocytes is probably related with ______ staying longer in the cytosol.
ca2+
Congestive heart failure (CHF) of the right ventricle _____.
can cause systemic edema
The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute is called the _____.
cardiac output
Some lymphocytes can survive as long as _____.
decades
Which of the following has not been implicated in causing leukopenia?
dehydration
Cells of the sinoatrial node ____ during the pacemaker potential
depolarize slow
When the aortic semilunar valve closes and blood bounces off of it, it produces the __________ heart sound that is ultimately related to when the _____.
dupp (S2); ventricles relax
Most of the ventricle filling occurs ____.
during atrial diastole
The viscosity of blood is due more to the presence of ____ than to any other factor.
erythrocytes
Which of the following is not contained in the buffy coat?
erythrocytes
A person develops anti-A antibodies only after he is exposed to antigen A, and anti-B antibodies only after he is exposed to antigen B. True or False?
false
Blood in the heart chambers provides most of the myocardium's oxygen and nutrient needs. True or False?
false
Blood viscosity stems mainly from electrolytes and monomers dissolved in plasma. True or False?
false
Cardiac muscle can only use glucose as a source of organic fuel. True or False?
false
Circulating WBCs spend most of their lives in the bloodstream. True or False?
false
Coagulation starts with a vascular spasm and ends with the formation of a platelet plug. True or False?
false
Desmosomes form channels that allow each cardiocyte to electrically stimulate its neighbors. True or False?
false
Endurance athletes commonly have a resting heart rate as low as 40 bpm, and a stroke volume as low as 50 mL/beat. True or False?
false
Hemostasis is the production of formed elements of blood. True or False?
false
Lymphoid hemopoiesis occurs mainly in the bone marrow. True or False?
false
Rh incompatibility between a sensitized Rh+ woman and an Rh- fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. True or False?
false
The pulmonary circuit is supplied by both the right and left sides of the heart. True or False?
false
The systemic circuit contains oxygen-rich blood only. True or False?
false
The ventricles are almost empty and the end of ventricular diastole. True or False?
false
Under normal conditions, the amount of blood pumped through the pulmonary circuit is less than the amount pumped through the systemic circuit. True or False?
false
Ventricular pressure increases the fastest during ventricular filling. True or False?
false
Serum is essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of ____.
fibrinogen
Electrical signals pass between cardiomyocytes through the ____.
gap junctions
Which of the following is not normally found in plasma?
glycogen
The ABO blood group is determined by ___ in the plasma membrane of RBCs.
glycolipids
Most oxygen is transported in the blood bound to ___.
heme groups in hemoglobin
Which of the following proteins is not normally found in plasma?
hemoglobin
The cessation of bleeding is specifically called _____.
hemostasis
Atrial systole begins ____.
immediately after the P wave
An increased erythropoietin (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except ___.
increased hypoxemia
Stroke volume is increased by _____.
increased venous return
The shallow depression seen on the external surface of the heart between the left and right ventricles is called the ______.
interventricular sulcus
Which of the following would not lead to polycythemia?
iron deficiency
What is the function of thromboplastin in hemostasis?
it initiates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.
Which of the following is not true regarding sickle-cell disease?
it is a cause of malaria
What would happen if all of the hemoglobin contained within the RBCs became free in the plasma?
it would significantly increase blood osmolarity
Mitral valve prolapse causes blood to leak back into the _________ when the ventricles contract.
left atrium
Which of the following directly stems from the ascending aorta before it branches into the circumflex branch and anterior interventricular branch?
left coronary artery
Obstruction of the ___________ will cause a more severe myocardial infarction (MI) than the obstruction of any of the others.
left coronary artery (LCA)
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) generates a murmur associated with the __________ heart sound that occurs when the __________.
lubb (S1); ventricles contract
What are the most abundant agranulocytes?
lymphocytes
The heart is located in the space called the ___.
mediastinum
Cardioinhibitory centers in the __________ receive input from ______.
medulla oblongata; chemoreceptors in the aortic arch
When the left ventricle contracts, the __________ valve closes and the __________ valve is pushed open.
mitral; aortic
What is the largest leukocyte that contains small cytoplasmic granules and typically a kidney- or horseshoe-shaped nucleus?
monocyte
Mercury is used to measure blood pressure because it is __________ compared to other liquids.
more dense
Which of the following is a feature shared by a cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?
muscle fiber striations
The ____ performs the work of the heart.
myocardium
The number of _____ typically increases in response to bacterial infections.
neutrophils
The chordae tendinae of the AV valves are anchored to the ____ of the ventricles.
papillary muscles
Which of the following is the most superficial layer enclosing the heart?
parietal pericardium
Pericardial fluid is found between the ____ and the ____.
parietal; visceral membranes
When a clot is no longer needed, fibrin is dissolved by ___
plasmin
Leukopoiesis begins with the differentiation of _____.
pluripotent stem cells
Opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by ____.
pressure gradients
The long absolute refractory period of cardiomyocytes ____.
prevents tetanus
Which of the following is not a function of blood?
produces plasma hormones
The ____ valve regulates the flow of blood between the right ventricle and the vessels leading to the lungs.
pulmonary
Which of the following belong to the pulmonary circuit?
pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins
Blood clots in the limbs put a patient most at risk for ______.
pulmonary embolism
Which of the following blood vessels receives blood directly from the right ventricle?
pulmonary trunk
The ____ carry blood toward the lungs.
pulmonary trunk and arteries
Where does myeloid hemopoiesis take place in adults?
red bone marrow
Which of the following is most likely to cause anemia?
renal disease
Oxygen- poor blood passes through the ____.
right AV (tricuspid) and pulmonary valves
The right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) regulates the opening between the ______ and the ______.
right atrium; right ventricle
During isovolumetric contraction, the pressure in the ventricles _____
rises rapidly
The ________ provides most of the Ca2+ needed for myocardial contraction.
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Platelets release _____, a chemical vasoconstrictor that contributes to the vascular spasm.
serotonin
When sodium channels are fully open, the membrane of the ventricular cardiomyocyte _________.
sharply depolarizes
The ____ is the pacemaker that initiates each heart beat.
sinoatrial (SA) node
The plateau in the action potential of cardiac muscle results from the action of ____.
slow ca2+ channels
Where do most RBCs die?
spleen and liver
A patient is suffering from ketoacidosis caused by an unregulated high protein diet. Which function of the blood has been compromised?
stabilizing the body's pH
After entering the right atrium, the furthest a red blood cell can travel is the _____.
superior vena cava
Which of the following is not apart of the cardiac conduction system?
tendinous cords
The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to __________.
the end- diastolic volume
Which of these does not prevent the spontaneous formation of a clot?
the presence of tissue thromboplastin.
An extended period of time between the P wave and the QRS complex may indicate which of the following?
the signal is taking too long to get to the AV node.
Which of the following is not true of a patient with anemia?
their blood viscosity is increased
Tissues can become edematous (swollen) when which of the following occurs?
there is a dietary protein deficiency
Which of the following is not a feature of cardiac muscle?
they have about the same endurance as skeletal muscle fibers.
Which of the following are not secreted by platelets?
thrombopoietin
Most strokes and heart attacks are caused by the abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel. Moreover, a piece of the ______ (clot) may break loose and begin to travel in the bloodstream as a(n) _____.
thrombus; embolus
The apex of the heart is found ___ of the midline of the body.
to the left
Erythrocytes transport oxygen and ___.
transport some carbon dioxide
After a wound is sealed, tissue repair is followed by fibrinolysis. True or False?
true
Atrial hypertrophy would probably cause an enlarged P wave on an electrocardiogram. True or False?
true
Blood groups are made up of any surface antigen on formed elements, not just ABO and Rh, and include over 500 known antigens. True or False?
true
Blood groups are used for legal purposes and in anthropology. True or False?
true
Blood pressure is usually measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) but could be measured with any liquid, such as water (mm H20). True or False?
true
Clotting deficiency can result from thrombocytopenia or hemophilia. True or False?
true
Exercise causes the ventricles to hypertrophy. True or False?
true
Hypercapnia and acidosis have positive chronotropic effects. True or False?
true
If the SA node is damaged, nodal rhythm is sufficient to sustain life. True or False?
true
Incompatibility of one person's blood with another results from the action of plasma antibodies against the RBCs' antigens. True or False?
true
Lymphocytes secrete antibodies, coordinate action of other immune cells, and serve in immune memory. True or False?
true
Monocytes differentiate into large phagocytic cells. True or False?
true
Oxygen and carbon dioxide bind to different parts of hemoglobin. True or False?
true
Papillary muscles prevent the AV valves from prolapsing (bulging) excessively into the atria when the ventricles contract. True or False?
true
Parasympathetic stimulation reduces heart rate. True or False?
true
Repolarization of a ventricular cardiomyocyte takes longer than repolarization of a typical neuron. True or False?
true
The cardiac plexus and cardiac nerves dominate the innervation of the heart and contains both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers. True or False?
true
The fibrous skeleton of the heart serves as electrical insulation between the atria and the ventricles. True or False?
true
The liver stores excess iron in ferritin. True or False?
true
The most important components in the cytoplasm of RBCs are hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase. True or False?
true
The ventricles are thicker more powerful chambers of the heart. The pump blood to the lungs and body. True or False?
true
Which of the following carry oxygen-poor blood?
venae cavae and pulmonary arteries
