Chapter 18: The Digestive System
Somatostatin is produced in the stomach by A. Goblet cells B. Parietal cells C. G cells D. D cells
D CELLS
Secretion of enterogasterone is stimulated by _________ in the chyme A. Protein B. Acid C. Glucose D. Fats
Fats
Amino acids and peptides in the stomach lumen stimulate acid secretion during the __________ phase of gastric secretion A. Gastric B. Cephalic C. Hepatic D. Intestinal
GASTRIC
___________ stimulates ECL cells to secrete histamine which stimulates HCL release from parietal cells. A. Secretin B. CCK C. Gastrin D. Ghrelin
GASTRIN
The _______ stimulates increased gastrin activity and increased movement and chyme into the duodenum. A. Gastroileal reflex B. Glip-1 reflex C. Ileogastric reflex D. GIP reflex
GASTROILEAL REFLEX
Which of the following is NOT a barrier to acid and pepsin damage int he stomach? A. Adherent layer of mucus B. Bicarbonate C. Gap junctions between epithelial cells D. Rapid turnover of epithelial cells
Gap junctions between epithelial cells
Zymogens are inactive forms of __________ enzymes. A. Stomach B. Liver C. Pancreatic D. Small intestine
pancreatic
True/False: secretin stimulates chief cells to secrete pepsinogen
FALSE
True/False: The superior portion of the esophagus contains smooth muscle in its wall.
False
True/False: Exocrine secretions of the digestive system include enzymes and bicarbonate
TRUE
True/False: GIP both inhibits gastric motility and increases the release of insulin from the pancreas
TRUE
True/False: Histamine release will cause more acid to be released in the stomach.
TRUE
True/False: Inadequate bile secretion will limit emulsification of fats.
TRUE
True/False: Micelles, made of biles salts, have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that allow them to emulsify fats and dissolve in water.
TRUE
True/False: The brush border is a term used to describe the mucosa of the small intestine.
TRUE
True/False: The initial phase of deglutition is a voluntary process.
TRUE
True/False: The lining of the intestine provides a physical barrier against microorganisms and their toxins.
TRUE
True/False: The vagus nerve stimulates gastrin secretion during the cephalic phase of gastric function
TRUE
True/False: excess use of antibiotics can kill the normal intestinal microflora, increasingn inflammation by pathogenic bacteria.
TRUE
True/false: Absorbed lipids are initially transported by the lymphatic system.
TRUE
The acidic chyme entering the duodenum initiates all of the following actions except: A. The intestinal phase of gastric function B. The release of serotonin from the duodenum C. The release of bicarbonate from the pancreas D. The release of bicarbonate into bile
The intestinal phase of gastric function
The liver will detoxify ammonia by converting it into A. Uric acid B. Ammonium ions C. Urea D. Amino acids
UREA
During the intestinal phase regulating gastric function A. The vagus nerve stimulate gastrin secretion B. Stomach distension stimulates acid secretion C. Vagal nuclei are stimulated by smelling food D. Gastric emptying is inhibited
VAGAL NUCLEI ARE STIMULATED BY SMELLING THE FOOD
Damage to which of the following nerves would reduce GI secretions? A. Glossopharyngeal nerve B. Hypoglossal nerve C. Vagus nerve D. Phrenic nerve
VAGUS NERVE
The primary function of the large intestine is A. Water and electrolyte reabsorption B. Mineral absorption C. Hormone degradation D. Degrading toxins
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE REABSORPTION
Pepsin would have the greatest activity A. Immediately upon secretion into the stomach B. Immediately upon entering the duodenum C. When the ph of the chyme is greater than 3 D. When the ph of the chyme is less than 3
WHEN THE PH OF THE CHYM IS LESS THAN 3.
True/False: Sympathetic nerve fibers can cause the release of HCL from parietal cells.
FALSE
The movement of digested food into the blood or lymph is A. Ingestion B. Deglutition C. Absorption D. Segmentation
ABSORPTION
True/False: The appendix is a short, thin out-pouching of the ileum.
FALSE
The combination of chewed food and saliva is called A. Chyme B. A bolus C. Pylorus D. Hiatal
A BOLUS
What is the function of enterokinase secreted by the brush border? A. Activates the protein digesting enzyme trypsin B. Breaks down dipeptides C. Causes the stomach to produce gastrin D. Causes release of pancreatic digestive enzymes
ACTIVATES THE PROTEIN-DIGESTING ENZYME TRYPSIN
The first line of defense in the stomach against damaging acid and pepsin is the A. Tight junctions of epithelial cells B. Rapid rate of epithelial cell replacement C. Adherent layer of mucus D. Release of gastrin
ADHERENT LAYER OF MUCUS
What commonly ingested substances are absorbed through the stomach wall? A. water and alcohol B. Antacid and water C. Alcohol and aspirin D. Penicillin and aspirin
ALCOHOL AND ASPIRIN
Pernicious anemia develops if there is a vitamin _______ deficiency. A. C B. B6 C. B12 D. D
B12
Acid chyme is buffered by __________ secreted from the pancreas. A. Mucus B. Bicarbonate C. Ammonia D. Urea
BICARBONATE
As bile is produced, it drains into A. Bile canaliculi B. Hepatic veins C. The central vein D. Sinusoids
BILE CANALICULI
What substance is necessary for the hydrolysis of complex food molecules? A. Specific enzyme B. Acid C. Water D. Both a specific enzyme and water are correct
BOTH A SPECIFIC ENZYME AND WATER ARE CORRECT
True/False: The first of the three phases of extrinsic control of gastric function is the gastric phase
FALSE
What structures supply autonomic nerves to the muscularis tunic? A. Meissner's plexus B. Auterbach's plexus C. Myenteric plexus D. Both Auterbach's plexus and myenteric plexus are correct
BOTH AUTERBACH'S PLEXUS AND MYENTERIC PLEXUS ARE CORRECT
The negative feedback control of HCL secretion in the gastric phase of gastric regulation is mainly by A. Decline in gastrin secretion B. Increase in gastrin secretion C. Increase in somatostatin secretion D. Both decrease in gastrin secretion and increase in somatostatin secretion
BOTH DECREASE IN GASTRIN SECRETION AND INCREASE IN SOMATOSTATIN SECRETION
True/False: The intrinsic regulation of the GI tract is conferred by the autonomic nervous system.
FALSE
Which of the following is NOT a section of the small intestine? A. Ileum B. Cecum C. Jejunum D. Duodenum
CECUM
Pepsin would not be found in the stomach if the __________ cells were destroyed. A. Goblet B. Parietal C. D cells D. Chief or zymogenic
CHIEF OR ZYMOGENIC
Bile salts are derivatives of A. Sodium chloride B. Hemoglobin C. Bilirubin D. Cholesterol
CHOLESTEROL
The stomach churns food into a pasty material is called A. A bolus B. Chyme C. Chyle D. Saliva
CHYME
Where does the bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas come from? A. Bicarbonate in the blood B. Co2 in the blood C. Acini cells D. Pancreatic islets
CO2 in blood
Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach? A. Store food B. Kill bacteria C. Digestion of most foods D. Move chyme into the duodenum
DIGESTION OF MOST FOODS
What role do bile salts play in digestion? A. Emulsify lipids for digestion by enzymes B. Gives color to the feces C. Needed for water reabsorption D. They play no role in digestion
EMULSIFY LIPIDS FOR DIGESTION BY ENZYMES
Peristalsis is regulated by the A. Sympathetic nervous system B. Parasympathetic nervous system C. Enteric nervous system D. Somatic nervous system
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Histamine secretion by the stomach would be prevented by destruction fo the A. D cells B. G cells C. Chief cells D. Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells
ENTEROCHROMAFFIN (ECL) CELLS
The ________ of the stomach and intestine secrete histamine and serotonin. A. G cells B. Parietal cells C. Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells D. Chief cells
ENTEROCHROMAFFIN-LIKE (ECL) CELLS
Trypsin is activated by the enzyme A. Enterokinase B. Lipase C. Lactase D. Carboxypeptidase
ENTEROKINASE
What structure keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing? A. Epiglottis B. Laryngopharynx C. Soft palate D. Tongue
EPIGLOTTIS
True / False Questions: The gastrointestinal tract generates monomers from polymers by condensation.
FALSE
True/False: Bile is produced by the gallbladder.
FALSE
True/False: Inhibiting the actions of the parietal cells would stimulate protein digestion.
FALSE
True/False: Most of the food is digested and absorbed through the wall of the stomach.
FALSE
True/False: Parasympathetic antagonists would stimulate gastrointestinal motility.
FALSE
The outer surface bulges of the large intestine are called A. Crypts B. Cecum C. Haustra D. Colon
HAUSTRA
Bile pigment is a derivative of A. Heme group without iron B. Iron C. Globin part of hemoglobin D. Cholesterol
HEME GROUP WITHOUT IRON
Bile is produced by A. Kupffer cells B. Gall bladder cells C. Hepatocytes D. Sinusoids
HEPATOCYTES
Which of the following may be beneficial in treating gastric ulcers A. Epinephrine B. Histamine blockers C. Gastric inhibitory peptide D. Carboxypeptidase
HISTAMINE BLOCKERS
Functions of the digestive system include all of the following EXCEPT A. Deglutination B. Hormone secrection C. Absorption D. Hormone regulation
HORMONE DEGREDATION
Antihistamines would limit the gastric secretion of A. Pepsinogen B. Gastrin C. Hydrochloric acid D. Mucus
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Vitamin B12 is primarily absorbed in the A. Duodenum B. Jejunum C. Ileum D. Cecum
ILEUM
The majority of hydrolysis of disaccharides occurs by the actions of enzymes found A. In the pancreatic juice B. In the brush border of the small intestine C. In saliva D. In the gastric mucosa
IN THE BRUSH BORDER OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
Enterogasterone will ___________ gastric function A. Stimulate B. Inhibit C. Have no effect on
INHIBIT
_______ is required for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 A. Vitamin D B. Calcium C. Intrinsic factor D. Vitamin C
INTRINSIC FACTOR
The arrival of chyme into the duodenum begins the __________ phase of stomach function A. Cephalic B. Gastric C. Intestinal D. Hepatic
Intestinal
Clotting factors are produced by the A. Liver B. Pancreas C. Stomach D. Duodenum
LIVER
Which of the following is NOT part of the gastrointestinal tract? A. Pharynx B. Liver C. Small intestine D. Esophagus
LIVER
The enterohepatic circulation is between the ______ and _______. A. Liver, stomach B. Liver, pancreas C. Liver, intestine D. Liver, gallbladder
LIVER AND INTESTINE
Which food products are absorbed by the lymphatic vessels and what are they called?
Lacteals
Chewing of food is A. Deglutition B. Mastication C. Peristalsis D. Segmentation
MASTICATION
Damage to which tunic of the GI tract would directly affect Auerbach's plexus? A. Mucosa B. Submucosa C. Muscularis D. Serosa
MUSCULARIS
Which of the following motility processes is Not correctly matched to its description? A. Peristalsis - rhythmic, wave-like contractions B. Mastication - removal of wastes C. Ingestion - taking food into the mouth D. Deglutination
Mastication - Removal of wastes
The mucosa of the esophagus is A. Stratified cuboidal epithelium B. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium C. Simple columnar epithelium D. Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
NONKERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Movement of water out of the large intestine is by A. Active transport B. Cotransport C. Osmosis D. All of the choices are correct
OSMOSIS
Wavelike muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called A. Peristalsis B. Segmentation C. Deglutination D. Mastication
PERISTALSIS
Which of the following is one of the phases of swallowing? A. Pharyngeal B. Peristalsis C. Reflux D. Segmentation
PHARYNGEAL
what is the function of Paneth cells of the small intestine? A. Produce mucus B. Divide by mitosis to make new mucosa cells C. Produce lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides D. Produce digestive enzymes
PRODUCE LYSOZYME AND ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES
Inhibition of exocrine pancreatic secretions results in A. Decreased insulin secretion following meals B. Decreased bile synthesis and secretion C. Production of an acidic chyme D. Stimulation of enterokinase activity
PRODUCTION OF AN ACIDIC CHYME
The major stimulus for the secretion of HCL during the cephalic phase of gastric regulation is A. The smell of food B. Vagal stimulation of chief cells C. Release of histamine by ECL cells D. Vagal stimulation of parietal cell
RELEASE OF HISTAMINE BY ECL CELLS
Long folds of the stomach's inner surface are called A. Plicae B. Rugae C. Gastric pits D. Ghrelin
RUGAE
Which of the following is NOT a structure of the small intestine that increases its surface area ? A. Rugae B. Villi C. Plicae circularis D. Microvilli
RUGAE
The mixing movement of the small intestine is called A. Deglutination B. Segmentation C. Micturition D. Peristalsis
SEGMENTATION
Place the tunics of the GI tract wall in the correct order from superficial to deep. A. submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis B. Mucosa, muscularis, submucosa, serosa C. Serosa, submucosa, mucosa, muscularis D. Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa
SEROSA, MUSCULARIS, SUBMUCOSA, MUCOSA
What structure keeps food from exiting from the nose during swallowing? A. Epiglottis B. Nasopharyns C. Soft palate D. Tongue
SOFT PALATE
Which of the following is NOT an effect of gastrin? A. Stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCL B. Stimulates chief cells to secrete pepsinogen C. Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice enzymes D. Maintains structure of gastric mucosa
STIMULATES SECRETION OF PANCREATIC JUICE ENZYMES
Which of the following is NOT an effect of CCK? A. Stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice B. Stimulates contraction of the gall bladder C. Inhibits gastric motility D. Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes
STIMULATES SECRETION OF WATER AND BICARBONATE RICH PANCREATIC JUICE
Bicarbonate that protects the duodenum from peptic ulcers comes from all of the following EXCEPT: A. adherent layer of mucus B. Brunner's cells C. stomach D. pancreatic juice
STOMACH
Which tunic of the GI tract is vascular and has many nerves and glands? A. Mucosa B. Submucosa C. Muscularis D. Serosa
SUBMUCOSA
Why does the upper third of the esophagus have skeletal muscle in its wall? A. So you do not choke B. The first phase of swallowing is voluntary C. So that peristalsis can occur D. The first phase of swallowing is involuntary
THE FIRST PHASE OF SWALLOWING IS VOLUNTARY
True/False: Absorptive cells of the gastrointestinal tract are located within the mucosa.
TRUE
True/False: Active transport of Na+ into intestinal cells allows the osmosis of water.
TRUE
True/False: Aldosterone affects salt and water absorption in the intestine.
TRUE
True/False: Anemia often results due to a lack of intrinsic factor
TRUE
True/False: Bile is derived from cholesterol.
TRUE
True/False: Diarrhea often results when the osmolarity of the fecal matter in the colon is increased.
TRUE
Which of the following gastrointestinal hormones is NOT secreted by. The small intestine? A. Secretin B. Gastric inhibitory peptide C. Gastrin D. Cholecystokinin
gastrin