Chapter 18: The Digestive System

Somatostatin is produced in the stomach by A. Goblet cells B. Parietal cells C. G cells D. D cells

D CELLS

Secretion of enterogasterone is stimulated by _________ in the chyme A. Protein B. Acid C. Glucose D. Fats

Fats

Amino acids and peptides in the stomach lumen stimulate acid secretion during the __________ phase of gastric secretion A. Gastric B. Cephalic C. Hepatic D. Intestinal

GASTRIC

___________ stimulates ECL cells to secrete histamine which stimulates HCL release from parietal cells. A. Secretin B. CCK C. Gastrin D. Ghrelin

GASTRIN

The _______ stimulates increased gastrin activity and increased movement and chyme into the duodenum. A. Gastroileal reflex B. Glip-1 reflex C. Ileogastric reflex D. GIP reflex

GASTROILEAL REFLEX

Which of the following is NOT a barrier to acid and pepsin damage int he stomach? A. Adherent layer of mucus B. Bicarbonate C. Gap junctions between epithelial cells D. Rapid turnover of epithelial cells

Gap junctions between epithelial cells

Zymogens are inactive forms of __________ enzymes. A. Stomach B. Liver C. Pancreatic D. Small intestine

pancreatic

True/False: secretin stimulates chief cells to secrete pepsinogen

FALSE

True/False: The superior portion of the esophagus contains smooth muscle in its wall.

False

True/False: Exocrine secretions of the digestive system include enzymes and bicarbonate

TRUE

True/False: GIP both inhibits gastric motility and increases the release of insulin from the pancreas

TRUE

True/False: Histamine release will cause more acid to be released in the stomach.

TRUE

True/False: Inadequate bile secretion will limit emulsification of fats.

TRUE

True/False: Micelles, made of biles salts, have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that allow them to emulsify fats and dissolve in water.

TRUE

True/False: The brush border is a term used to describe the mucosa of the small intestine.

TRUE

True/False: The initial phase of deglutition is a voluntary process.

TRUE

True/False: The lining of the intestine provides a physical barrier against microorganisms and their toxins.

TRUE

True/False: The vagus nerve stimulates gastrin secretion during the cephalic phase of gastric function

TRUE

True/False: excess use of antibiotics can kill the normal intestinal microflora, increasingn inflammation by pathogenic bacteria.

TRUE

True/false: Absorbed lipids are initially transported by the lymphatic system.

TRUE

The acidic chyme entering the duodenum initiates all of the following actions except: A. The intestinal phase of gastric function B. The release of serotonin from the duodenum C. The release of bicarbonate from the pancreas D. The release of bicarbonate into bile

The intestinal phase of gastric function

The liver will detoxify ammonia by converting it into A. Uric acid B. Ammonium ions C. Urea D. Amino acids

UREA

During the intestinal phase regulating gastric function A. The vagus nerve stimulate gastrin secretion B. Stomach distension stimulates acid secretion C. Vagal nuclei are stimulated by smelling food D. Gastric emptying is inhibited

VAGAL NUCLEI ARE STIMULATED BY SMELLING THE FOOD

Damage to which of the following nerves would reduce GI secretions? A. Glossopharyngeal nerve B. Hypoglossal nerve C. Vagus nerve D. Phrenic nerve

VAGUS NERVE

The primary function of the large intestine is A. Water and electrolyte reabsorption B. Mineral absorption C. Hormone degradation D. Degrading toxins

WATER AND ELECTROLYTE REABSORPTION

Pepsin would have the greatest activity A. Immediately upon secretion into the stomach B. Immediately upon entering the duodenum C. When the ph of the chyme is greater than 3 D. When the ph of the chyme is less than 3

WHEN THE PH OF THE CHYM IS LESS THAN 3.

True/False: Sympathetic nerve fibers can cause the release of HCL from parietal cells.

FALSE

The movement of digested food into the blood or lymph is A. Ingestion B. Deglutition C. Absorption D. Segmentation

ABSORPTION

True/False: The appendix is a short, thin out-pouching of the ileum.

FALSE

The combination of chewed food and saliva is called A. Chyme B. A bolus C. Pylorus D. Hiatal

A BOLUS

What is the function of enterokinase secreted by the brush border? A. Activates the protein digesting enzyme trypsin B. Breaks down dipeptides C. Causes the stomach to produce gastrin D. Causes release of pancreatic digestive enzymes

ACTIVATES THE PROTEIN-DIGESTING ENZYME TRYPSIN

The first line of defense in the stomach against damaging acid and pepsin is the A. Tight junctions of epithelial cells B. Rapid rate of epithelial cell replacement C. Adherent layer of mucus D. Release of gastrin

ADHERENT LAYER OF MUCUS

What commonly ingested substances are absorbed through the stomach wall? A. water and alcohol B. Antacid and water C. Alcohol and aspirin D. Penicillin and aspirin

ALCOHOL AND ASPIRIN

Pernicious anemia develops if there is a vitamin _______ deficiency. A. C B. B6 C. B12 D. D

B12

Acid chyme is buffered by __________ secreted from the pancreas. A. Mucus B. Bicarbonate C. Ammonia D. Urea

BICARBONATE

As bile is produced, it drains into A. Bile canaliculi B. Hepatic veins C. The central vein D. Sinusoids

BILE CANALICULI

What substance is necessary for the hydrolysis of complex food molecules? A. Specific enzyme B. Acid C. Water D. Both a specific enzyme and water are correct

BOTH A SPECIFIC ENZYME AND WATER ARE CORRECT

True/False: The first of the three phases of extrinsic control of gastric function is the gastric phase

FALSE

What structures supply autonomic nerves to the muscularis tunic? A. Meissner's plexus B. Auterbach's plexus C. Myenteric plexus D. Both Auterbach's plexus and myenteric plexus are correct

BOTH AUTERBACH'S PLEXUS AND MYENTERIC PLEXUS ARE CORRECT

The negative feedback control of HCL secretion in the gastric phase of gastric regulation is mainly by A. Decline in gastrin secretion B. Increase in gastrin secretion C. Increase in somatostatin secretion D. Both decrease in gastrin secretion and increase in somatostatin secretion

BOTH DECREASE IN GASTRIN SECRETION AND INCREASE IN SOMATOSTATIN SECRETION

True/False: The intrinsic regulation of the GI tract is conferred by the autonomic nervous system.

FALSE

Which of the following is NOT a section of the small intestine? A. Ileum B. Cecum C. Jejunum D. Duodenum

CECUM

Pepsin would not be found in the stomach if the __________ cells were destroyed. A. Goblet B. Parietal C. D cells D. Chief or zymogenic

CHIEF OR ZYMOGENIC

Bile salts are derivatives of A. Sodium chloride B. Hemoglobin C. Bilirubin D. Cholesterol

CHOLESTEROL

The stomach churns food into a pasty material is called A. A bolus B. Chyme C. Chyle D. Saliva

CHYME

Where does the bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas come from? A. Bicarbonate in the blood B. Co2 in the blood C. Acini cells D. Pancreatic islets

CO2 in blood

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach? A. Store food B. Kill bacteria C. Digestion of most foods D. Move chyme into the duodenum

DIGESTION OF MOST FOODS

What role do bile salts play in digestion? A. Emulsify lipids for digestion by enzymes B. Gives color to the feces C. Needed for water reabsorption D. They play no role in digestion

EMULSIFY LIPIDS FOR DIGESTION BY ENZYMES

Peristalsis is regulated by the A. Sympathetic nervous system B. Parasympathetic nervous system C. Enteric nervous system D. Somatic nervous system

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Histamine secretion by the stomach would be prevented by destruction fo the A. D cells B. G cells C. Chief cells D. Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells

ENTEROCHROMAFFIN (ECL) CELLS

The ________ of the stomach and intestine secrete histamine and serotonin. A. G cells B. Parietal cells C. Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells D. Chief cells

ENTEROCHROMAFFIN-LIKE (ECL) CELLS

Trypsin is activated by the enzyme A. Enterokinase B. Lipase C. Lactase D. Carboxypeptidase

ENTEROKINASE

What structure keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing? A. Epiglottis B. Laryngopharynx C. Soft palate D. Tongue

EPIGLOTTIS

True / False Questions: The gastrointestinal tract generates monomers from polymers by condensation.

FALSE

True/False: Bile is produced by the gallbladder.

FALSE

True/False: Inhibiting the actions of the parietal cells would stimulate protein digestion.

FALSE

True/False: Most of the food is digested and absorbed through the wall of the stomach.

FALSE

True/False: Parasympathetic antagonists would stimulate gastrointestinal motility.

FALSE

The outer surface bulges of the large intestine are called A. Crypts B. Cecum C. Haustra D. Colon

HAUSTRA

Bile pigment is a derivative of A. Heme group without iron B. Iron C. Globin part of hemoglobin D. Cholesterol

HEME GROUP WITHOUT IRON

Bile is produced by A. Kupffer cells B. Gall bladder cells C. Hepatocytes D. Sinusoids

HEPATOCYTES

Which of the following may be beneficial in treating gastric ulcers A. Epinephrine B. Histamine blockers C. Gastric inhibitory peptide D. Carboxypeptidase

HISTAMINE BLOCKERS

Functions of the digestive system include all of the following EXCEPT A. Deglutination B. Hormone secrection C. Absorption D. Hormone regulation

HORMONE DEGREDATION

Antihistamines would limit the gastric secretion of A. Pepsinogen B. Gastrin C. Hydrochloric acid D. Mucus

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

Vitamin B12 is primarily absorbed in the A. Duodenum B. Jejunum C. Ileum D. Cecum

ILEUM

The majority of hydrolysis of disaccharides occurs by the actions of enzymes found A. In the pancreatic juice B. In the brush border of the small intestine C. In saliva D. In the gastric mucosa

IN THE BRUSH BORDER OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

Enterogasterone will ___________ gastric function A. Stimulate B. Inhibit C. Have no effect on

INHIBIT

_______ is required for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 A. Vitamin D B. Calcium C. Intrinsic factor D. Vitamin C

INTRINSIC FACTOR

The arrival of chyme into the duodenum begins the __________ phase of stomach function A. Cephalic B. Gastric C. Intestinal D. Hepatic

Intestinal

Clotting factors are produced by the A. Liver B. Pancreas C. Stomach D. Duodenum

LIVER

Which of the following is NOT part of the gastrointestinal tract? A. Pharynx B. Liver C. Small intestine D. Esophagus

LIVER

The enterohepatic circulation is between the ______ and _______. A. Liver, stomach B. Liver, pancreas C. Liver, intestine D. Liver, gallbladder

LIVER AND INTESTINE

Which food products are absorbed by the lymphatic vessels and what are they called?

Lacteals

Chewing of food is A. Deglutition B. Mastication C. Peristalsis D. Segmentation

MASTICATION

Damage to which tunic of the GI tract would directly affect Auerbach's plexus? A. Mucosa B. Submucosa C. Muscularis D. Serosa

MUSCULARIS

Which of the following motility processes is Not correctly matched to its description? A. Peristalsis - rhythmic, wave-like contractions B. Mastication - removal of wastes C. Ingestion - taking food into the mouth D. Deglutination

Mastication - Removal of wastes

The mucosa of the esophagus is A. Stratified cuboidal epithelium B. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium C. Simple columnar epithelium D. Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

NONKERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Movement of water out of the large intestine is by A. Active transport B. Cotransport C. Osmosis D. All of the choices are correct

OSMOSIS

Wavelike muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called A. Peristalsis B. Segmentation C. Deglutination D. Mastication

PERISTALSIS

Which of the following is one of the phases of swallowing? A. Pharyngeal B. Peristalsis C. Reflux D. Segmentation

PHARYNGEAL

what is the function of Paneth cells of the small intestine? A. Produce mucus B. Divide by mitosis to make new mucosa cells C. Produce lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides D. Produce digestive enzymes

PRODUCE LYSOZYME AND ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES

Inhibition of exocrine pancreatic secretions results in A. Decreased insulin secretion following meals B. Decreased bile synthesis and secretion C. Production of an acidic chyme D. Stimulation of enterokinase activity

PRODUCTION OF AN ACIDIC CHYME

The major stimulus for the secretion of HCL during the cephalic phase of gastric regulation is A. The smell of food B. Vagal stimulation of chief cells C. Release of histamine by ECL cells D. Vagal stimulation of parietal cell

RELEASE OF HISTAMINE BY ECL CELLS

Long folds of the stomach's inner surface are called A. Plicae B. Rugae C. Gastric pits D. Ghrelin

RUGAE

Which of the following is NOT a structure of the small intestine that increases its surface area ? A. Rugae B. Villi C. Plicae circularis D. Microvilli

RUGAE

The mixing movement of the small intestine is called A. Deglutination B. Segmentation C. Micturition D. Peristalsis

SEGMENTATION

Place the tunics of the GI tract wall in the correct order from superficial to deep. A. submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis B. Mucosa, muscularis, submucosa, serosa C. Serosa, submucosa, mucosa, muscularis D. Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

SEROSA, MUSCULARIS, SUBMUCOSA, MUCOSA

What structure keeps food from exiting from the nose during swallowing? A. Epiglottis B. Nasopharyns C. Soft palate D. Tongue

SOFT PALATE

Which of the following is NOT an effect of gastrin? A. Stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCL B. Stimulates chief cells to secrete pepsinogen C. Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice enzymes D. Maintains structure of gastric mucosa

STIMULATES SECRETION OF PANCREATIC JUICE ENZYMES

Which of the following is NOT an effect of CCK? A. Stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice B. Stimulates contraction of the gall bladder C. Inhibits gastric motility D. Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes

STIMULATES SECRETION OF WATER AND BICARBONATE RICH PANCREATIC JUICE

Bicarbonate that protects the duodenum from peptic ulcers comes from all of the following EXCEPT: A. adherent layer of mucus B. Brunner's cells C. stomach D. pancreatic juice

STOMACH

Which tunic of the GI tract is vascular and has many nerves and glands? A. Mucosa B. Submucosa C. Muscularis D. Serosa

SUBMUCOSA

Why does the upper third of the esophagus have skeletal muscle in its wall? A. So you do not choke B. The first phase of swallowing is voluntary C. So that peristalsis can occur D. The first phase of swallowing is involuntary

THE FIRST PHASE OF SWALLOWING IS VOLUNTARY

True/False: Absorptive cells of the gastrointestinal tract are located within the mucosa.

TRUE

True/False: Active transport of Na+ into intestinal cells allows the osmosis of water.

TRUE

True/False: Aldosterone affects salt and water absorption in the intestine.

TRUE

True/False: Anemia often results due to a lack of intrinsic factor

TRUE

True/False: Bile is derived from cholesterol.

TRUE

True/False: Diarrhea often results when the osmolarity of the fecal matter in the colon is increased.

TRUE

Which of the following gastrointestinal hormones is NOT secreted by. The small intestine? A. Secretin B. Gastric inhibitory peptide C. Gastrin D. Cholecystokinin

gastrin