Chapter 19, 21, 22
The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.
12 to 18
The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.
2.5 cm; 15-20
There are normally a total of ________ primary teeth.
20
Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the heart back to the heart in the cardiovascular circuit.
4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6
On average, the body produces ________ of saliva in a day.
1.0-1.5 L
Asthma is
?
Which is incorrect regarding smooth muscle in the digestive tract?
A smooth muscle fiber has an extensive network of T tubules.
Materials can move across capillary walls by
All of the answers are correct
During deglutition,
All of the answers are correct.
To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body
All of the answers are correct.
________ crush and grind food.
Both bicuspids and molars
Define emulsification. (Module 22.22A)
Breakdown of lipid droplets by bile salts
________ are the only blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to permit blood-tissue exchange.
Capillaries
Distinguish between chemical digestion and absorption. (Module 22.5B)
Chemical digestion involves the breakdown of food, whereas absorption involves the movement of nutrients across the digestive epithelium into the interstitial fluid.
Which statement describes irreversible shock?
Circulatory collapse occurs when arteriolar smooth muscles and precapillary sphincters become unable to contract.
________ are pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and slashing.
Cuspids
________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent.
Cystic fibrosis
Distinguish among efferent vessels, afferent vessels, and exchange vessels. (Module 19.1D)
Efferent vessels carry blood away from the heart, afferent vessels carry blood to the heart, and exchange vessels exchange nutrients, dissolved gases, and wastes between the blood and interstitial fluid.
Define ingestion. (Module 22.5A)
Entry of food and liquids into the digestive tract through the mouth.
What bacterium is responsible for most peptic ulcers? (Module 22.24C)
Helicobactor pylori
Define hemorrhoids. (Module 22.17B)
Hemorrhoids are distended veins in the distal portion of the rectum.
Describe hepatitis. (Module 22.24A)
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver.
________ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping.
Incisors
What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced? (Module 21.7C)
The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces.
Describe the pulmonary circuit. (Module 19.1A)
The pulmonary circuit transports blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries in the lungs, and pulmonary veins and returns it to the left atrium.
Compare the two main bronchi. (Module 21.5A)
The right main bronchus is larger in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle than the left main bronchus.
Describe the systemic circuit. (Module 19.1B)
The systemic circuit transports blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the body from the left ventricle to the right atrium.
Why are valves located in veins but not in arteries? (Module 19.4A)
Valves are located in veins to prevent blood from flowing backward because venous pressure is too low to keep the blood moving back toward the heart.
What factors are involved in the formation of varicose veins? (Module 19.4D)
Varicose veins form when the vein walls weaken and the valves fail so blood begins to pool in the veins.
The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the
alveoli
Pancreatic endocrine cells secrete all of the following except
amylase
The enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates is
amylase
Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as
anatomic dead space.
Each of the following is a function of the liver except
antibody production.
A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the
appendix.
Fenestrated capillaries:
are found in the choroid plexus of the brain and the capillaries of the hypothalamus.
Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure? (Module 19.5B)
arterial pressure
Where is blood pressure highest?
artery
The congenital heart defect most often associated with Down syndrome is
atrioventricular septal defect.
The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the
body
The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to ________ and returns blood to the ________.
body organs; right atrium
The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain.
brain stem
RBCs move single file through this structure.
capillary
The esophagus connects to which region of the stomach?
cardia
The root of a tooth is covered by
cement
The "C" in COPD stands for
chronic
After food and gastric juices combine, the gastric contents are referred to as
chyme
After losing 25 percent of blood volume in a motorcycle accident, which of the following compensatory responses would not occur?
circulatory shock
Which of the following is not a component of the defecation reflex?
contraction of the external anal sphincter
The conchae
create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus
The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.
cricoid
________ are also known as canines.
cuspids
Which of the following is a function of the incisors?
cutting
Name the three segments of the small intestine from proximal to distal. (Module 22.13A)
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Bile salts break lipids apart in a process called
emulsification.
The crown of a tooth is covered by
enamel
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
epiglottis.
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?
filtration
The fetal structure that conducts blood from the right to left atrium is the
foramen ovale.
The human liver is composed of ________ lobe(s).
four
Bile is stored in the
gallbladder
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the
hard palate.
Compared to arteries, veins
have thinner walls
The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures.
hilum
The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as
hypoxia.
The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the
ileum
All of the following occur after hemorrhage, except
increase in blood pressure.
In quiet breathing,
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s).
internal intercostal
Boyle's law states that gas volume is
inversely proportional to pressure
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.
Describe the lining of the stomach. (Module 22.10C)
it is lined with rugae
The middle segment of the small intestine is the
jejunum
The vocal folds are located within the
larynx
Pulmonary veins carry blood to the
left atrium
Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?
left lung
Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the
lips.
The movement of materials along the digestive tract, as well as many secretory functions, is primarily controlled by which of the following?
local factors
Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
lungs
Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called
mass movements.
The ________ is a double sheet of peritoneal membrane that suspends the visceral organs and carries nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
mesentery
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the
mouth.
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the lungs
The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the
mucus escalator
Name the regions and functions of the pharynx. (Module 22.8A)
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx; to provide a passageway for food to enter the esophagus and/or air to enter the larynx
Which muscle(s) contract(s) to cause the movement indicated by the arrows labeled "6" and "7"?
none, quiet expiration is passive.
List the structures of the upper respiratory system. (Module 21.3A)
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
Emphysema
occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?
oropharynx
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
pancreas
A "blue baby" is often associated with what congenital heart defect?
patent ductus arteriosus
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
peristalsis.
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
pharynx
The uvula is located at the
posterior margin of the soft palate
During inhalation:
pressure inside the lungs is less than pressure outside.
What branches from the trachea?
primary bronchi
What is the function of the salivary glands? (Module 22.18A)
produce mucin and enzymes
The pancreas produces ________ -digesting enzymes in the form of proteolytic enzymes.
protein
The ultimate function of pulmonary ventilation is to
provide adequate alveolar ventilation.
The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except
providing gas exchange.
Which of the following break(s) the rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?
pulmonary arteries
The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the
pylorus
Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange?
respiratory
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is
respiratory distress syndrome.
Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit? (Module 19.1C)
right atrium
Which of the following is not a function of the tongue?
saliva production
What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption?
small intestine
In the digestive and urinary systems, rings of smooth muscle, called ________, regulate the movement of materials along internal passageways.
sphincters
What is the function of the gallbladder? (Module 22.20D)
store and concentrate bile
Name the three pairs of salivary glands. (Module 22.19A)
sublingual, submandibular, and parotid
Which pair of salivary glands contributes most to saliva production? (Module 22.19C)
submandibular
Which pair of salivary glands secretes substances that reduce oral bacteria populations? (Module 22.19D)
submandibular
Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the
submucosal plexus.
These vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply.
systemic venous system
The physiological activities of the digestive system are not regulated by
the cerebral cortex
The glottis is
the opening to the larynx.
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,
the volume of the thorax increases.
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
they are equal
What is the importance of the mesenteries? (Module 22.2A)
they support and stabilize organs of the abdominal cavity and provide a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________.
three lobes; two lobes
The visible and palpable prominence on the throat known as the Adam's apple is part of the
thyroid cartilage.
Trace the pathway of airflow along the passages of the lower respiratory tract. (Module 21.5C)
trachea — main bronchi — lobar bronchi — segmental bronchi — terminal bronchioles — pulmonary lobule
A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the
uvula
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except
vasodilation.
Blood pressure is lowest in the
veins
The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called
veins
The most common congenital heart defect is
ventricular septal defect
Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels?
venules
The space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth is called the
vestibule.
Define edema. (Module 19.8B)
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in peripheral tissues.
Which is true regarding the defecation reflex?
It involves two positive feedback loops.
Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C)
It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.
Which of the following is true regarding the inferior vena cava?
It is considered a large vein.
________ are teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for crushing and grinding.
Molars
Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true?
Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery.
Define respiratory rate. (Module 21.11A)
Respiratory rate is the number of breaths taken each minute.
Describe the structures of the glottis. (Module 21.4B)
The glottis contains the vocal folds that contain the vocal ligaments and the rima glottidis which is the opening between the vocal folds.
Name the immediate and long-term problems related to hemorrhage. (Module 19.13B)
The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is maintaining adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is to restore normal blood volume.
Which of these age-based changes is false?
Vital capacity increases.
In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?
a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long
In which of the following would the resistance be greater?
a vessel 10 microns in diameter
A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would
decrease intestinal motility.
Identify the primary inspiratory muscles. (Module 21.10A)
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
