chapter 19

Only what percent of people who become infected with tuberculosis develop a clinical case?

5-10

The fluid that builds up in the middle ear in response to bacterial presence and multiplication is called

Blank 1: effusion

When was the first vaccine for pertussis introduced?

1950s

All recent deaths from pertussis were in which individuals?

babies younger than 6 months

Which main categories of microorganisms are known to cause pneumonia?

bacteria fungi viruses

Which of the following is the second most common route for transmission of influenza?

fomite contact

The signs and symptoms of scarlet fever include which of the following?

high fever sandpaper-like skin rash

Identify the only significant reservoir of Streptococcus pyogenes.

humans

Which of the following are the most common modes of transmission for streptococcal pharyngitis?

inhalation of respiratory droplets contact with mucus

Which viral agents are known to cause viral pneumonia as their primary disease?

Hantavirus SARS coronavirus

85% of all cases of tuberculosis are contained in which of the following?

lungs

A major change in the influenza virus due to swapping of genetic material between different viral strains is known as which of the following?

antigenic shift

Identify the role(s) of neuraminidase in an influenza infection.

cause the fusion of host cells break down the mucous coating of the respiratory tract assist in budding of virions

A condition where fluid remains in the middle ear for indefinite periods of time is known as which of the following?

chronic otitis media

Which type of viruses is the most common causative agent for the common cold?

rhinoviruses

Which of the following describes M. tuberculosis?

rod strict aerobe acid fast generation time of 15-20 hours

Scarlet fever most often affects which of the following?

school-age children

Major changes in the influenza A virus due to recombination of viral strains from 2 different host species are referred to as antigenic

shift

The most common signs/symptoms of the common cold include which of the following?

sneezing scratchy throat runny nose

The skin test called the_________ reaction, also known as the Mantoux test, is a valuable diagnostic tool used for TB that involves the injection of an M. tuberculosis protein into the dermis and observation for the visual sign of a cell-mediated response.

tuberculin

Influenza begins in the_____respiratory tract.

upper

The___ respiratory tract contains a large population of commensal microorganisms.

upper

Pharyngitis is most commonly caused by which of the following?

virus

Atypical pneumonias are often caused by which agents?

Chlamydophila Mycoplasma

Walking pneumonia is often caused by which of the following?

Chlamydophila pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae

The most common cause(s) of pharyngitis is/are which of the following?

Common cold viruses

In addition to rhinoviruses, identify other viruses that are major causes of the common cold.

adenovirus respiratory syncytial virus coronavirus

Mycoplasma pneumonia is transmitted by which of the following?

aerosol droplets

Most commonly, sinusitis is caused by which of the following?

allergies

Sinusitis is caused by which general types of microorganisms?

allergies

Rheumatic fever is most likely caused by which of the following?

an immune system cross-reaction between bacterial protein and host tissue

Pharyngitis is more painful when it is caused by which of the following microorganisms?

bacteria

Viral pharyngitis will not show _____hemolytic activity on blood agar.

beta

Caseous lesions heal by _____.

calcification

In tuberculosis, _____ heal by calcification, in which the normal lung tissue is replaced by calcium deposits.

caseous lesions

Tuberculosis is diagnosed through which of the following tests?

mantoux tuberculin

Pharyngitis can be caused by which of the following?

mechanical irritation sinus drainage bacterial infection viral infection

Chronic otitis media is the condition where fluid remains in the _____ear for indefinite periods of time.

middle

Post-streptococcal complications in immune system attack of self-tissues triggered by streptococcal _______are responsible for rheumatic fever.

superantigens

Which of the following bacterial toxins are potent stimuli for T cells causing an excessively strong reaction?

superantigens

Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and adenoviruses are all major causes of which of the following?

the common cold

The flu is caused by which of the following viruses?

influenza A, B, and C

True or false: A high fever accompanies the scarlet fever rash.

true

How long is the incubation period for influenza?

1-4 days

Because of its waxy cell wall, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is able to survive for up to what length of time in fine aerosol particles.

8 months

Approximately how many serotypes of S. pyogenes are there?

80

Binding of influenza causes rapid shedding of ciliated epithelia, removing the protective mechanism of ciliary clearance. Sometimes the immune system responds too aggressively, resulting in a " " that leads to more severe irritation and inflammation of the lungs.

Blank 1: cytokine Blank 2: storm

Tuberculosis is transmitted primarily through fine_____of respiratory mucus suspended in the air.

Blank 1: droplets or aerosols

Although the middle ear normally has no biota, bacteria can migrate along the tube from the _____________upper respiratory tract.

Blank 1: eustachian

Viral infection of the upper respiratory system can lead to acute otitis media due to which of the following?

Fluid builds up in the middle ear. It leads to inflammation of the eustachian tubes.

The binding of influenza viruses to respiratory epithelial cells results in which of the following?

Inflammation Shedding of epithelial cells Limited protection by cilia

Which of the following describes walking pneumonia?

It is a mild form of pneumonia.

Legionella can survive and persist in aqueous environments due to which of the following?

It is resistant to chlorine.

Pneumonia caused by which of the following is associated with aqueous habitats like tap water, cooling towers, ponds, vegetable sprayers, and water fountains?

Legionella

Which streptococcal protein is involved in rheumatic fever?

M

Primary TB may present with which of the following signs?

Mild fever Formation of tubercles

Which of the following is the causative agent of tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Choose all of the correct statements regarding pharyngitis.

Pharyngitis caused by bacteria is severely painful. Pharyngitis caused by bacteria may be accompanied by nausea.

The inflammatory condition of the lung in which fluid fills the alveoli is generally referred to as_____ and can be caused by several different types of microbes.

Pneumonia

Which of the following causes of pneumonia matches this description-: small, gram-positive flattened diplococci that line up end to end?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Which of the following is the most common causative agent for community-acquired pneumonia?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Sinusitis is most commonly caused by which three of the following?

Structural problems with nose Allergies Infections

What must an organism be able to do to cause pneumonia?

Survive the immune defenses Penetrate the lower respiratory tract

Which of the following statements regarding pharyngitis are correct?

The incubation period for sore throats is generally 2-5 days. Pharyngitis often results in foul-smelling breath.

Which of the following is the most noticeable symptom seen in the paroxysmal stage of pertussis?

Uncontrollable cough

Which agents usually cause milder forms of pneumonia?

Viruses

SARSCoV-2 may be transmitted in which of the following ways?

droplets airborne contact

Hantavirus is transmitted by which of the following?

dust contaminated by rodents

The fluid that builds up in the middle ear in response to bacterial presence and multiplication is called

effusion

Which of the following is produced by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, causing the rash and severe fever characteristic of scarlet fever?

erythrogenic toxin

What is the role of hemagglutinin in an influenza infection?

facilitate penetration of the respiratory mucosal cells

True or false: Nausea and diarrhea are typical signs and symptoms of influenza.

false

The signs and symptoms of influenza include which of the following?

fever fatigue stuffy nose body aches dry cough headache sore throat

Which of the following is the least common microbial causes of sinusitis?

fungi

Identify the spike on the lipid envelope of influenza that breaks down the protective mucus in the respiratory tract.

neuraminidase

___________allows the influenza virus to break down the protective mucus in the respiratory tract, helps the virus to bud from host cells, and prevents viruses from sticking together.

neuraminidase

The main signs and symptoms of pharyngitis include which of the following?

pain and swelling of the throat swollen tonsils reddened mucosa in the throat

The________ stage is the second stage of pertussis characterized by uncontrollable coughing with a distinct sound.

paroxysmal

Which of the following is another name for whooping cough?

pertussis

Which of the following contribute to the high level of variability in the influenza virus?

Antigenic drift Antigenic shift

Sinusitis is caused by which general types of microorganisms?

Bacteria Viruses Fungi

The____ _____ virus causes colds in most people, but can cause a potentially devastating infection in children and neonates.

Blank 1: Blank 2: syncytial

TB is mostly asymptomatic.

Blank 1: Primary

________fever is thought to be caused by a cross-reaction between a streptococcal protein and_____ muscle tissue

Blank 1: Rheumatic Blank 2: heart

___ _____which causes pneumonia and otitis media, is a small gram-positive flattened coccus that appears in pairs lined up end to end and is alpha-hemolytic on blood agar.

Blank 1: Streptococcus Blank 2: pneumoniae

______ ________causes the greatest number of lethal cases of pneumonia compared to any other microorganism.

Blank 1: Streptococcus Blank 2: pneumoniae

The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is considered______ ________because it is difficult to stain.

Blank 1: acid Blank 2: fast

Influenza is primarily transmitted through inhalation of ___and____ containing virus particles.

Blank 1: aerosols Blank 2: droplets

An initial viral infection can predispose a patient to a secondary_______________ infection in the upper respiratory tract.

Blank 1: bacterial

The erythrogenic toxin produced by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci causes the rash and severe fever in scarlet fever. Only lysogenic strains of S. pyogenes that contain genes from a temperate _____ can synthesize this protein

Blank 1: bacteriophage or phage

SARSCoV-2 triggers widespread activation of____ , which cause damage to lungs and other tissues.

Blank 1: bradykinins or bradykinin

Rhinitis often leads to acute otitis media because of inflammation of the_________tubes and buildup of fluid in the____________ ___________

Blank 1: eustachian Blank 2: middle Blank 3: ear

Bacterial presence in the middle ear can increase the _____response leading to the production of___

Blank 1: inflammatory Blank 2: pus

The causative agents for the flu are the ___viruses belonging to the family_____ .

Blank 1: influenza Blank 2: Orthomyxoviridae

SARSCoV-2 blocks the formation of the protein___which is an important part of the innate immune response.

Blank 1: interferon

Streptococcus pyogenes causes scarlet fever when it has become infected with a______ bacteriophage

Blank 1: lysogenic or lysogenized

Streptococcus pyogenes causes scarlet fever when it has become infected with a____bacteriophage

Blank 1: lysogenic or lysogenized

The ___________stage is the second stage of pertussis characterized by uncontrollable coughing with a distinct sound.

Blank 1: paroxysmal

Secondary tuberculosis is also called _____ tuberculosis.

Blank 1: reactivation or reinfection

Hemagglutinin binds to host cell____ in the respiratory mucosa, which aids in penetration of the virus.

Blank 1: receptors

In tuberculosis, _____ heal by calcification, in which the normal lung tissue is replaced by calcium deposits.

Blank 1: resistant

Hantavirus is transmitted in airborne dust that has been contaminated with the urine, feces, or saliva of_________.

Blank 1: rodents, deer mice, mice, or infected rodents

The influenza virus has a high level of variation in its genome due to antigenic ____and____ antigenic .

Blank 1: shift Blank 2: drift

If pharyngitis is caused by a virus rather than Group A streptococci, which of the following will show on a blood agar plate.

a variety of colony types from normal biota

Even though they are considered "normal" biota, which population of bacteria are frequently present in the upper respiratory system?

pathogenic

Inflammation of the throat is known as which of the following?

pharyngitis

Which of the following is an inflammatory condition of the lung in which fluid fills the alveoli?

pneumonia

Identify the three types of tuberculosis.

primary secondary extrapulmonary

Secondary tuberculosis is also called_________tuberculosis

reactivation

Which of the following agents usually causes minor colds in most patients, but can lead to a serious respiratory infection in young children?

respiratory syncytial virus

Although bacteria, fungi, and a wide variety of viruses can cause pneumonias, what do they have in common?

their ability to circumvent host defenses and survive in the lower respiratory tract

True or false: A person can have multiple infections with S. pyogenes in a lifetime because there are a large number of different serotypes of the bacteria.

true

True or false: An individual who is asymptomatic with SARSCoV-2 can still spread the disease.

true

True or false: Infection with the tuberculosis bacterium occurs rather easily, but only a small percentage of those infected will experience disease.

true

True or false: Organisms that have the potential to cause serious disease are often members of the microbial population in the upper respiratory tract, but may not actually cause disease in the host.

true

True or false: The cough seen in pertussis is uncontrollable and presents with a distinct sound as the patient gasps for air between bouts.

true