Chapter 19 Bonus
List the three layers of the heart wall from deep to superficial.
1. endocardium 2. myocardium 3. epicardium
The blood pressure in the great arteries determines the ___ of the heart.
Afterload
An arterial ____ is a convergence of two arteries.
Anastomosis
When a portion of the heart wall other than the SA or AV nod spontaneously depolarize, this is known as a ___
Ectopic focus
The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to the:
End-diastolic volume
A difference in pressure creates a pressure ____ that directs the flow of fluids.
Gradient
Increased calcium availability will _____ the contractility of the heart.
Increase
The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the back of the heart is the posterior ____ sulcus.
Interventricular
The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the front of the heart is the anterior ____ sulcus.
Interventricular
The left and right ventricles are separated by the ____ _____.
Interventricular septum
The left ____ artery is the branch of the circumflex artery that travels down the left side of the heart and furnishes blood to the left ventricle.
Marginal
The left _____ vein is the blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the apex and left aspect of the heart.
Marginal
The right ____ artery is the branch of the right coronary artery that runs toward the apex, supplying blood to the lateral right atrium and ventricle.
Marginal
Leakage of fluid from the pericardium into the pericardial cavity is known as:
Pericardial effusion
The ____ is a double-walled sac enclosing the heart.
Pericardium
The ____ side of the heart supplies blood to the pulmonary circuit.
Right
Heart rate will increase when the SA node is stimulated by the ____ branch of the ANS.
Sympathetic
The cardiac nerves convey signals from the ____ nervous system to the heart.
Sympathetic
The circuit of the cardiovascular system that carries blood to the body then returns it to the right side of the heart is the ____ circulation.
Systemic
If the volume of blood pumped by the right side of the heart is less than that pumped by the left side of the heart, the results would be:
Systemic edema
The term ___ refers to contraction of the heart.
Systole
The ___ wave of an ECG is a recording of the repolarization of the ventricular myocardium.
T wave
A consistently elevated resting heart rate above 100 bpm is called.
Tachycardia
The internal ridges of myocardium seen in the ventricles are called _____ carneae.
Trabeculae
The AV valve between the right atrium and ventricle is also called the
Tricuspid
The term ____ refers to the steady background firing of the vagus nerve.
Vagal tone
Another name for the epicardium is the ____ pericardium.
Visceral
Cardiac output is equal to stroke volume _____ heart rate.
multiplied by
Components of the CARDIOVASCULAR system.
-veins -arteries -heart -capillaries
List in order the events of an action potential of a ventricular cardiocyte.
1. Voltage gated Na+ channels open 2. Influx of Na+ causes more Na+ channels to open; depolarization. 3. Na+ channels close as membrane potential peaks at +30 mV. 4.Ca+ enters through slow calcium channels; creates plateau. 5. Ca+ channels close, K+ channels open; repolarization.
Impulse conduction through the cardiac conduction system is slowest through the _____ node, allowing a pause between atrial contraction and ventricular contraction.
AV node
The ___ valves regulate the opening between the atria and the ventricles.
AV valves
Cardiac muscle requires oxygen and therefore relies on ____ metabolism to produce ATP.
Aerobic
The _____ ____ branch of the left coronary artery travels down the front of the heart to the apex of the heart.
Anterior interventricular
The right/left coronary arteries arise from the:
Aorta
The inferior end of the heart that tapers to a blunt point immediately above the diaphragm is called the ___.
Apex
Ventricular contraction begins at the ____ of the heart.
Apex
Abnormal cardiac rhythm is known a(an):
Arrythmia
_____ is a disorder described as an accumulation of lipid deposits in coronary arterial walls that degrade the arterial wall and obstruct the lumen.
Artherosclerosis
The first heart sound is associated with the closing of the ____ valves.
Atrioventricular
When ventricles are relaxed and their pressure is low, the ____ valves are open.
Atrioventricular
When ventricles contract, blood surging against the ____ valves forces the closed.
Atrioventricular
The groove that encircles the heart near its base separating the atria from the ventricles is the ____ sulcus.
Atrioventricular (coronary)
The ___ is an earlike extension of each atrium.
Auricle
____ is the process of listening to sounds made by the body.
Auscultation
The cardiocytes are described as ____ because individual cells can depolarize on their own without outside stimulation.
Authorhythmic
The broad flat superior top portion of the heart is known as.
Base
The alternate name for the left AV valve is the ____ valve.
Bicuspid
A resting heart rate below 60 bpm is known as.
Bradycardia
When the membrane potential of the SA node reaches threshold, voltage-regulated _____ channels open.
Calcium
The depolarization of the SA node is due to the inflow of ___ and ___ ions.
Calcium Sodium
The ____ center of the medulla oblongata initiates autonomic output to the heart.
Cardiac
The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle multiplied by the heart rate, as measured in liters/minute is known as.
Cardiac output
The difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output is known as the :
Cardiac reserve
____ are short, thick branched muscle cells of the heart.
Cardiocytes
Parasympathetic nerve fibers transmit ___ effects from the cardiac center to the heart.
Cardioinhibitory
The study of the heart and its disorders is known as____.
Cardiology
The pericardial ___ is the space between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers.
Cavity
Parasympathetic effects on the heart are via ____ effects.
Cholinergic
The string-like structure that attach AV valves to the papillary muscles are called.
Chordae tendineae
The branch of the left coronary artery that continues around to the posterior of the heart leading to the coronary sulcus is the _____ branch.
Circumflex
The term that means an alternative route for blood circulation is a _____ circulation.
Collateral
The strength of contraction for a given preload is defined as the ___ of the myocardium.
Contractility
The artery that branches off the aorta and divides into two branches is the left _____ artery.
Coronary
The right ___artery runs along the right sulcus and supplies blood to the right atrium and SA node.
Coronary
The term ___ is used to describe the constriction of the coronary arteries, usually by atherosclerosis.
Coronary artery disease
In the posterior coronary sulcus is a large vein called the _____ which collects venous drainage from all of the coronary veins and drains into the right atrium.
Coronary sinus
Factors that are 'negative iontropic agents' will cause:
Decrease contractility
A decrease in venous return to the heart leads to a ____ in preload, and therefore a ____ in stroke volume.
Decrease;Decrease
An excess in blood calcium levels can cause a(n) ____ heart rate.
Decreased
When the volume of blood within a heart chamber is decreased (leaving a chamber), the pressure within that chamber is :
Decreased
The QRS wave of a ECG represents the ____ of the ventricular myocardium.
Depolarization
Blood flow through the coronary circulation increases during ventricular:
Diastole
The term ____ refers to the relaxation of the heart.
Diastole
Similar to increasing the volume of air in a deflated tire, the pressure and the volume of blood being added to a chamber are:
Directly proportional
Similar to increasing the volume of air in a deflating tire, the pressure and volume of blood being added to a chamber are:
Directly proportional
The ____ is a composite recording of all nodal and myocardial action potentials.
ECG
An accumulation of fluid in the interstitium of tissue is referred to as _____.
Edema
The ____ is the layer that lines the inner chambers of the heart.
Endocardium
True or False: Papillary muscles contract just before the rest of the myocardium in order to tense the tendinous cord prior to ejection of blood.
False
True or False: The left ventricle always pumps more blood per beat than the right ventricle.
False
At rest, the heart gets about 60% of its energy from:
Fatty acids
The framework of collagenous and elastic fibers found in the walls between chambers form the ____ skeleton of the heart.
Fibrous
The blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the anterior side of the heart and travels alongside the anterior interventricular artery is the _____ _____ vein.
Great cardiac
One cause of arrhythmia is ____, failure of the cardiac conduction system to transmit signals.
Heart block
A measure of the ____ _____ can be obtained by taking a pulse at a point where an artery runs close to the body surface.
Heart rate
The catecholamines raise sarcoplasmic calcium ion levels in cardiocytes, therefore these compounds will ____ contractility.
Increase
The drug digitalis raises intracellular calcium in cardiocytes; therefore it will _____ contraction strength.
Increase
When the volume of blood in a heart chamber is increased, the pressure within the chamber is ____.
Increased
With the onset of ventricular contraction, the pressure within the ventricles.
Increases
The ___ side of the heart supplies blood to the systemic circuit.
Left
The condition called ____ involves inadequate blood flow to the myocardium and can lead to myocardial infarction.
Myocardial ischemia
The vertebrate heartbeat is said to be ____ because the signal originates within the heart itself.
Myogenic
When the AV node acts as pacemaker, the slower heartbeat is called a(n) ____ rhythm.
Nodal
Sympathetic stimulation on the heart involves the release of the NT called:
Norepinephrine
Firing of the SA node will occur at the beginning of the _____ wave of the ECG.
P wave
The ___ wave of an ECG is a recording of the depolarization of the atrial myocardium.
P wave
During the cardiac cycle as recorded on ECG, atrial systole begins during the ___ segment/interval.
PQ segment
The time for a signal to pass from SA node to AV node is represented by the ____ segment of the ECG.
PQ segment
A spontaneously developing local potential that generates action potential in the SA node is called a(n) ____ potential.
Pacemaker
Input from the ____ nervous system to the SA node lowers the heart rate.
Parasympathetic
The pericardial sac is also called :
Parietal pericardium
The name of the internal ridges of myocardium found in the right atrium and auricle are the _____ _____.
Pectinate muscles
The ____ sac is the outer wall of the pericardium consisting of a fibrous layer lined by a serous layer, also called the parietal pericardium.
Pericardial
The serous fluid called ____ fluid fills the pericardial cavity and lubricates the membranes, allowing the heart to beat with minimal friction.
Pericardial
The contraction of a cardiocyte occurs during the ____ phase of its action potential.
Plateau
The arterial branch that usually arises from the right coronary artery and supplies the back wall of the heart, both left and right ventricles, is the ____ _____ branch.
Posterior interventricular
The blood vessels withing the posterior interventricular sulcus on the back of the heart that collects venous drainage from the posterior portion of the heart is the ____ _____ vein.
Posterior interventricular
Repolarization of a cardiocyte is due to the opening of _____ channels.
Potassium
____ is the electrolyte that has the greatest chronotropic effect on the heart. An imbalance in this electrolyte is a medical emergency.
Potassium
The amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium immediately before it begins to contract is known as the _____.
Preload
Which of the following accounts for the movement of the heart valves during the cardiac cycle.
Pressure changes within the chambers
The ___ circuit of the cardiovascular system carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the left atrium of the heart.
Pulmonary
The ____ circuit of the cardiovascular system carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart.
Pulmonary
Carrying action potentials, the ____ ____ spread throughout the ventricular myocardium to excite the ventricles.
Purkinje fibers
During the cardiac cycle as recorded on an ECG, ventricular systole begins shortly after the ____ part of the trace.
QRS complex
In a healthy person at rest, the ____ node normally fires about 75 times per minute, setting the heart rate.
SA
The part of the cardiac conduction system which acts as the pacemaker is the ____.
SA node
The second heart sound is associated with the closing of the ____ valves.
SL valves
Abnormal openings in the inter-atrial or interventricular walls resulting in abnormal blood flow through heart are called:
Septal defects
A normal heart rate, triggered by the SA node, is referred to as ____ rhythm.
Sinus
The action potential of a cardiocyte has a plateau due to the opening of ____ channels.
Slow calcium
Depolarization of a cardiocyte is due to opening of ____ channels.
Sodium
The pacemaker potential of SA node cells is due to the influx of ___ ions.
Sodium
A ____ is the instrument used to measure blood pressure.
Sphygmomanometer
____ ____ is the volume of blood ejected from the heart with each beat.
Stroke volume
Cardiostimulatory effects of the cardiac center are transmitted to the heart via ____ nerve fibers.
Sympathetic
The condition called cardiac ____ involves compression of the heart by an abnormal accumulation of fluid or clotted blood in the pericardial cavity.
Tamponade
True or False: Each ventricle will eject a volume of blood equal to the amount of blood it received during ventricular filling phase.
True
True or False: The coronary blood vessels are part of the systemic circulation.
True
The ____ nerve conveys parasympathetic signals to the heart.
Vagus
The thick inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are the right/left:
Ventricles
The semilunar valves will open when the pressure within the ___ exceeds the pressure within the _____.
Ventricles; Greater arteries
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does blood flow through the coronary circulation.
Ventricular diastole
Indicate which of the chemicals can cause and increase in heart rate.
- thyroid hormone - nicotine - caffeine
Which of the following structures are considered to be part of the cardiac conduction system?
-SA node -AV node -Purkinje fibers
List in the correct order the major phases of the cardiac cycle following ventricular filling.
1. isovolumetric contraction 2. ventricular ejection 3. isovolumetric relaxation
What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton.
1. provides structural support for the heart. 2. anchors the cardiocytes and give them something to pull against. 3. provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles.
Place the following chambers in the correct order to best represent the flow of blood through the heart once blood has returned to the heart from the SVC and IVC.
1. right atrium 2. right vent. 3. left atrium 4. left vent.
If all autonomic innervation of the heart were removed or blocked, the natural intrinsic firing rate of the SA node is about ____ beats per minute.
100
