Chapter 19 Bonus

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List the three layers of the heart wall from deep to superficial.

1. endocardium 2. myocardium 3. epicardium

The blood pressure in the great arteries determines the ___ of the heart.

Afterload

An arterial ____ is a convergence of two arteries.

Anastomosis

When a portion of the heart wall other than the SA or AV nod spontaneously depolarize, this is known as a ___

Ectopic focus

The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to the:

End-diastolic volume

A difference in pressure creates a pressure ____ that directs the flow of fluids.

Gradient

Increased calcium availability will _____ the contractility of the heart.

Increase

The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the back of the heart is the posterior ____ sulcus.

Interventricular

The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the front of the heart is the anterior ____ sulcus.

Interventricular

The left and right ventricles are separated by the ____ _____.

Interventricular septum

The left ____ artery is the branch of the circumflex artery that travels down the left side of the heart and furnishes blood to the left ventricle.

Marginal

The left _____ vein is the blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the apex and left aspect of the heart.

Marginal

The right ____ artery is the branch of the right coronary artery that runs toward the apex, supplying blood to the lateral right atrium and ventricle.

Marginal

Leakage of fluid from the pericardium into the pericardial cavity is known as:

Pericardial effusion

The ____ is a double-walled sac enclosing the heart.

Pericardium

The ____ side of the heart supplies blood to the pulmonary circuit.

Right

Heart rate will increase when the SA node is stimulated by the ____ branch of the ANS.

Sympathetic

The cardiac nerves convey signals from the ____ nervous system to the heart.

Sympathetic

The circuit of the cardiovascular system that carries blood to the body then returns it to the right side of the heart is the ____ circulation.

Systemic

If the volume of blood pumped by the right side of the heart is less than that pumped by the left side of the heart, the results would be:

Systemic edema

The term ___ refers to contraction of the heart.

Systole

The ___ wave of an ECG is a recording of the repolarization of the ventricular myocardium.

T wave

A consistently elevated resting heart rate above 100 bpm is called.

Tachycardia

The internal ridges of myocardium seen in the ventricles are called _____ carneae.

Trabeculae

The AV valve between the right atrium and ventricle is also called the

Tricuspid

The term ____ refers to the steady background firing of the vagus nerve.

Vagal tone

Another name for the epicardium is the ____ pericardium.

Visceral

Cardiac output is equal to stroke volume _____ heart rate.

multiplied by

Components of the CARDIOVASCULAR system.

-veins -arteries -heart -capillaries

List in order the events of an action potential of a ventricular cardiocyte.

1. Voltage gated Na+ channels open 2. Influx of Na+ causes more Na+ channels to open; depolarization. 3. Na+ channels close as membrane potential peaks at +30 mV. 4.Ca+ enters through slow calcium channels; creates plateau. 5. Ca+ channels close, K+ channels open; repolarization.

Impulse conduction through the cardiac conduction system is slowest through the _____ node, allowing a pause between atrial contraction and ventricular contraction.

AV node

The ___ valves regulate the opening between the atria and the ventricles.

AV valves

Cardiac muscle requires oxygen and therefore relies on ____ metabolism to produce ATP.

Aerobic

The _____ ____ branch of the left coronary artery travels down the front of the heart to the apex of the heart.

Anterior interventricular

The right/left coronary arteries arise from the:

Aorta

The inferior end of the heart that tapers to a blunt point immediately above the diaphragm is called the ___.

Apex

Ventricular contraction begins at the ____ of the heart.

Apex

Abnormal cardiac rhythm is known a(an):

Arrythmia

_____ is a disorder described as an accumulation of lipid deposits in coronary arterial walls that degrade the arterial wall and obstruct the lumen.

Artherosclerosis

The first heart sound is associated with the closing of the ____ valves.

Atrioventricular

When ventricles are relaxed and their pressure is low, the ____ valves are open.

Atrioventricular

When ventricles contract, blood surging against the ____ valves forces the closed.

Atrioventricular

The groove that encircles the heart near its base separating the atria from the ventricles is the ____ sulcus.

Atrioventricular (coronary)

The ___ is an earlike extension of each atrium.

Auricle

____ is the process of listening to sounds made by the body.

Auscultation

The cardiocytes are described as ____ because individual cells can depolarize on their own without outside stimulation.

Authorhythmic

The broad flat superior top portion of the heart is known as.

Base

The alternate name for the left AV valve is the ____ valve.

Bicuspid

A resting heart rate below 60 bpm is known as.

Bradycardia

When the membrane potential of the SA node reaches threshold, voltage-regulated _____ channels open.

Calcium

The depolarization of the SA node is due to the inflow of ___ and ___ ions.

Calcium Sodium

The ____ center of the medulla oblongata initiates autonomic output to the heart.

Cardiac

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle multiplied by the heart rate, as measured in liters/minute is known as.

Cardiac output

The difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output is known as the :

Cardiac reserve

____ are short, thick branched muscle cells of the heart.

Cardiocytes

Parasympathetic nerve fibers transmit ___ effects from the cardiac center to the heart.

Cardioinhibitory

The study of the heart and its disorders is known as____.

Cardiology

The pericardial ___ is the space between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers.

Cavity

Parasympathetic effects on the heart are via ____ effects.

Cholinergic

The string-like structure that attach AV valves to the papillary muscles are called.

Chordae tendineae

The branch of the left coronary artery that continues around to the posterior of the heart leading to the coronary sulcus is the _____ branch.

Circumflex

The term that means an alternative route for blood circulation is a _____ circulation.

Collateral

The strength of contraction for a given preload is defined as the ___ of the myocardium.

Contractility

The artery that branches off the aorta and divides into two branches is the left _____ artery.

Coronary

The right ___artery runs along the right sulcus and supplies blood to the right atrium and SA node.

Coronary

The term ___ is used to describe the constriction of the coronary arteries, usually by atherosclerosis.

Coronary artery disease

In the posterior coronary sulcus is a large vein called the _____ which collects venous drainage from all of the coronary veins and drains into the right atrium.

Coronary sinus

Factors that are 'negative iontropic agents' will cause:

Decrease contractility

A decrease in venous return to the heart leads to a ____ in preload, and therefore a ____ in stroke volume.

Decrease;Decrease

An excess in blood calcium levels can cause a(n) ____ heart rate.

Decreased

When the volume of blood within a heart chamber is decreased (leaving a chamber), the pressure within that chamber is :

Decreased

The QRS wave of a ECG represents the ____ of the ventricular myocardium.

Depolarization

Blood flow through the coronary circulation increases during ventricular:

Diastole

The term ____ refers to the relaxation of the heart.

Diastole

Similar to increasing the volume of air in a deflated tire, the pressure and the volume of blood being added to a chamber are:

Directly proportional

Similar to increasing the volume of air in a deflating tire, the pressure and volume of blood being added to a chamber are:

Directly proportional

The ____ is a composite recording of all nodal and myocardial action potentials.

ECG

An accumulation of fluid in the interstitium of tissue is referred to as _____.

Edema

The ____ is the layer that lines the inner chambers of the heart.

Endocardium

True or False: Papillary muscles contract just before the rest of the myocardium in order to tense the tendinous cord prior to ejection of blood.

False

True or False: The left ventricle always pumps more blood per beat than the right ventricle.

False

At rest, the heart gets about 60% of its energy from:

Fatty acids

The framework of collagenous and elastic fibers found in the walls between chambers form the ____ skeleton of the heart.

Fibrous

The blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the anterior side of the heart and travels alongside the anterior interventricular artery is the _____ _____ vein.

Great cardiac

One cause of arrhythmia is ____, failure of the cardiac conduction system to transmit signals.

Heart block

A measure of the ____ _____ can be obtained by taking a pulse at a point where an artery runs close to the body surface.

Heart rate

The catecholamines raise sarcoplasmic calcium ion levels in cardiocytes, therefore these compounds will ____ contractility.

Increase

The drug digitalis raises intracellular calcium in cardiocytes; therefore it will _____ contraction strength.

Increase

When the volume of blood in a heart chamber is increased, the pressure within the chamber is ____.

Increased

With the onset of ventricular contraction, the pressure within the ventricles.

Increases

The ___ side of the heart supplies blood to the systemic circuit.

Left

The condition called ____ involves inadequate blood flow to the myocardium and can lead to myocardial infarction.

Myocardial ischemia

The vertebrate heartbeat is said to be ____ because the signal originates within the heart itself.

Myogenic

When the AV node acts as pacemaker, the slower heartbeat is called a(n) ____ rhythm.

Nodal

Sympathetic stimulation on the heart involves the release of the NT called:

Norepinephrine

Firing of the SA node will occur at the beginning of the _____ wave of the ECG.

P wave

The ___ wave of an ECG is a recording of the depolarization of the atrial myocardium.

P wave

During the cardiac cycle as recorded on ECG, atrial systole begins during the ___ segment/interval.

PQ segment

The time for a signal to pass from SA node to AV node is represented by the ____ segment of the ECG.

PQ segment

A spontaneously developing local potential that generates action potential in the SA node is called a(n) ____ potential.

Pacemaker

Input from the ____ nervous system to the SA node lowers the heart rate.

Parasympathetic

The pericardial sac is also called :

Parietal pericardium

The name of the internal ridges of myocardium found in the right atrium and auricle are the _____ _____.

Pectinate muscles

The ____ sac is the outer wall of the pericardium consisting of a fibrous layer lined by a serous layer, also called the parietal pericardium.

Pericardial

The serous fluid called ____ fluid fills the pericardial cavity and lubricates the membranes, allowing the heart to beat with minimal friction.

Pericardial

The contraction of a cardiocyte occurs during the ____ phase of its action potential.

Plateau

The arterial branch that usually arises from the right coronary artery and supplies the back wall of the heart, both left and right ventricles, is the ____ _____ branch.

Posterior interventricular

The blood vessels withing the posterior interventricular sulcus on the back of the heart that collects venous drainage from the posterior portion of the heart is the ____ _____ vein.

Posterior interventricular

Repolarization of a cardiocyte is due to the opening of _____ channels.

Potassium

____ is the electrolyte that has the greatest chronotropic effect on the heart. An imbalance in this electrolyte is a medical emergency.

Potassium

The amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium immediately before it begins to contract is known as the _____.

Preload

Which of the following accounts for the movement of the heart valves during the cardiac cycle.

Pressure changes within the chambers

The ___ circuit of the cardiovascular system carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the left atrium of the heart.

Pulmonary

The ____ circuit of the cardiovascular system carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart.

Pulmonary

Carrying action potentials, the ____ ____ spread throughout the ventricular myocardium to excite the ventricles.

Purkinje fibers

During the cardiac cycle as recorded on an ECG, ventricular systole begins shortly after the ____ part of the trace.

QRS complex

In a healthy person at rest, the ____ node normally fires about 75 times per minute, setting the heart rate.

SA

The part of the cardiac conduction system which acts as the pacemaker is the ____.

SA node

The second heart sound is associated with the closing of the ____ valves.

SL valves

Abnormal openings in the inter-atrial or interventricular walls resulting in abnormal blood flow through heart are called:

Septal defects

A normal heart rate, triggered by the SA node, is referred to as ____ rhythm.

Sinus

The action potential of a cardiocyte has a plateau due to the opening of ____ channels.

Slow calcium

Depolarization of a cardiocyte is due to opening of ____ channels.

Sodium

The pacemaker potential of SA node cells is due to the influx of ___ ions.

Sodium

A ____ is the instrument used to measure blood pressure.

Sphygmomanometer

____ ____ is the volume of blood ejected from the heart with each beat.

Stroke volume

Cardiostimulatory effects of the cardiac center are transmitted to the heart via ____ nerve fibers.

Sympathetic

The condition called cardiac ____ involves compression of the heart by an abnormal accumulation of fluid or clotted blood in the pericardial cavity.

Tamponade

True or False: Each ventricle will eject a volume of blood equal to the amount of blood it received during ventricular filling phase.

True

True or False: The coronary blood vessels are part of the systemic circulation.

True

The ____ nerve conveys parasympathetic signals to the heart.

Vagus

The thick inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are the right/left:

Ventricles

The semilunar valves will open when the pressure within the ___ exceeds the pressure within the _____.

Ventricles; Greater arteries

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does blood flow through the coronary circulation.

Ventricular diastole

Indicate which of the chemicals can cause and increase in heart rate.

- thyroid hormone - nicotine - caffeine

Which of the following structures are considered to be part of the cardiac conduction system?

-SA node -AV node -Purkinje fibers

List in the correct order the major phases of the cardiac cycle following ventricular filling.

1. isovolumetric contraction 2. ventricular ejection 3. isovolumetric relaxation

What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton.

1. provides structural support for the heart. 2. anchors the cardiocytes and give them something to pull against. 3. provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles.

Place the following chambers in the correct order to best represent the flow of blood through the heart once blood has returned to the heart from the SVC and IVC.

1. right atrium 2. right vent. 3. left atrium 4. left vent.

If all autonomic innervation of the heart were removed or blocked, the natural intrinsic firing rate of the SA node is about ____ beats per minute.

100


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