Chapter 19 Microbiology Study Mode
Which species of Clostridium are involved in food poisoning infections?
C. botulinum C. perfringens
Which species are responsible for the majority of clostridial tissue and wound infections?
C. septicum C. perfringens C. novyi
Which of the following is not used to subdivide gram-positive bacilli into three general groups?
Cell Morphology
Although not yet approved by the FDA, some evidence suggests that fecal microbiota transplantation has been effective in treating infections by which organism?
Clostridium difficile
Which of the following causes an inflammation of the colon leading to the sloughing off of membrane-like patches called pseudomembranes?
Clostridium difficile
Which bacterium causes tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
Which of the following characteristics can differentiate between the genera Bacillus and Clostridium? -gram stain reaction -cell morphology -oxygen requirements -presence of catalase
-oxygen requirements -presence of catalase
The majority of clostridial soft tissue and wound infections are caused by three species: C. ---, C. ---, and C. ---.
-perfringens -novyi -septicum
If a patient shows clinical signs of tetanus, they can be given _______ to counteract the immediate and long-term effects of the tetanus toxin.
-post-exposure vaccination -tetanus immune globulin
What is used to subdivide the gram-positive bacilli into three general groups? -shape of the cells -cardinal temperatures -acid-fast staining properties -layers in the cell wall -presence of endospores
-presence of endospores -acid-fast staining properties
Which of the following describe the characteristics of Clostridium? rods -gram-negative -catalase-negative -gram-positive -cocci -catalase-positive
-rods -catalase-negative -gram-positive
Tuberculosis is diagnosed through the _______ test.
-tuberculin -Mantoux
The , --- --- also known as the Mantoux test, is a valuable diagnostic tool used for TB that involves the injection of a M. tuberculosis protein into the dermis and observation for the visual sign of a cell-mediated response.
-tuberculin test or TB test
Most cases of tetanus enter the body through _____.
-umbilical stumps -accidental puncture wounds -burns -crushed body parts -frostbite
Which occupations have the greatest risk for Erysipelothrix infections?
-veterinarians -slaughterhouse workers -butchers
Tuberculosis in normal, untreated cases ______.
-will have alternating periods of illness and health -progresses slowly -can persist for a lifetime
About _______ people in the US carry Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
15 million
Which of the following is a regular non-spore-forming Gram-positive bacillus pathogen?
Listeria monocytogenes
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is also known as _____.
MDR-TB
Which of the following is true for patients who contract primary tuberculosis?
Most patients recover from the infection.
Acid-fast staining is used to diagnose infections by which group of organisms?
Mycobacterium
Which genus does not form endospores?
Mycobacterium
Unlike most pathogens, which bacteria do not produce exotoxins or enzymes that contribute to virulence, instead relying on waxes and a cord factor to evade the immune system?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Which of the following characteristics can be used to differentiate between the genera Bacillus and Clostridium?
Oxygen Preference
The large influx of ______ into the lungs plays a role in the formation of infection sites called tubercles.
Phagocytic Cells
Which of the following is the most effective prevention for clostridial wound infections?
Rigorous wound cleansing
--- is a potent neurotoxin that binds to target sites on spinal neurons that are responsible for inhibiting skeletal muscle contraction.
Tetanospasmin
--- is a neuromuscular disease that results in the uncontrolled contraction of skeletal muscles.
Tetanus
How are clostridial infections acquired?
They are acquired through contamination of injured skin
True or False: Botulism is an intoxication usually associated with eating poorly preserved foods that results in muscle paralysis.
True
True or false: About 30% of the worldwide population carries the TB bacterium.
True
True or false: Postexposure vaccination is often given with passive immunization therapy with possible exposure to tetanus.
True
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis is also known as ______.
XDR-TB
The genus --- includes mostly saprobic, aerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rods.
bacillus
Therapy with --- -spectrum antibiotics is the main cause of Clostridium difficile.
broad
All of the following are symptoms of gas gangrene except ______.
bullous lesions
Necrotic areas within the centers of tubercles that resemble cheese or curds and that heal by calcification are called--- lesions.
caseous
Which one develops in the center of a tubercle and can be replaced by calcium deposits during healing?
caseous lesion
The major source for infection with L. monocytogenes is ______.
contaminated foods
The surgical removal of diseased tissue is called ---.
debridement
Clostridial diseases are often caused by the release of potent ---?
exotoxins
A condition in which tuberculosis bacteria have spread to organs other than the lungs is referred to as --- TB.
extrapulmonary
Which poses the highest risk for botulism?
home-processed foods
The tuberculin reaction is read by measuring the --- that occurs on the skin.
induration
Food-borne botulism is caused by the ingestion of pre-formed botulinum toxin while --- botulism is caused by ingestion of the C. botulinum spores.
infant
The most common form of botulism in the United States is _______ botulism.
infant
TB in untreated individuals ______.
is capable of lasting a lifetime
The alternate name for tetanus is ---.
lockjaw
The majority of TB cases remain contained in the .
lungs
Propionibacterium acnes is a ______.
member of the normal biota
Identify the sign/symptom seen in the initial infection with the tubercle bacillus.
mild fever
Clostridial exotoxins are among the ______ poisonous substances on earth.
most
Clostridial exotoxins are some of the --- potent poisons on earth.
most
Clostridial diseases are often caused by ______.
release of exotoxins
Tubercle bacillus is found in the: aka tuberculosis
respiratory tract
Increased precautions are necessary to prevent the spread of C. difficile to patients on antimicrobic therapy because infectious persons spread numerous --- in their stool.
spores
Which exotoxin is responsible for interrupting the regulatory mechanisms for muscle contraction, leading to powerful and uncontrolled contraction?
tetanospasmin
The root cause of infection by Clostridium difficile and the resulting necrosis of the colon is _____.
therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics
The circulation of microbial "poisons" in the blood is called ______.
toxemia
The vaccination for tetanus consists of _____.
toxoid
The granulomatous lung lesion seen in TB that can serve as a focus for latent infection is called a ---.
tubercle
In primary tuberculosis, lung lesions called _______ form in the lung and are composed of bacteria in enlarged macrophages, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. Multiple choice question. gummas
tubercles
Which of the following apply to Tuberculosis?
-Approximately one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. -Humans are easily infected. -About five to ten percent of those infected develop TB disease.
Most endospore-forming bacteria are members of which two genera? -Bacillus -Actinomyces -Mycobacterium -Corynebacterium -Clostridium
-Bacillus -Clostridium
The disease agent that produces enterotoxins triggering necrosis in the wall of the large intestine is --- ---.
-Clostridium Difficile
Which are the genera in the irregular non-spore-forming bacilli group with the greatest clinical significance?
-Corynebacterium -Nocardia -Mycobacterium
What factors are required for clostridial infection? -Damaged tissue -Aerobic conditions -Carbon dioxide gas -Immunosuppression -Anaerobic conditions
-Damaged Tissue -Anaerobic Conditions
Which of the following represent the two major categories of clostridial disease? -Spore inhalations -Food intoxications -Wound/tissue infections
-Food intoxications -Wound/tissue infections
--- --- is a necrotic condition associated with the release of gas.
-Gas Gangrene
Which are general symptoms seen in gas gangrene? -Bullous lesions -Gas production by bacteria -Sudden and severe fever -Necrosis of tissue -Comedos developing into cysts
-Gas production by bacteria -Necrosis of tissue
Which of the following are effective means of preventing clostridial wound infections? -Immediate and rigorous cleansing of wounds -Surgical repair of compound fractures -Vaccination of the elderly -Debridement of diseased tissue
-Immediate and rigorous cleansing of wounds -Surgical repair of compound fractures -Debridement of diseased tissue
Which of the following are correct about Propionibacterium acnes?
-It is found on human skin and the upper respiratory tract. -It is a member of normal microflora of humans.
Which of the following are the predominant pathogens among the regular non-spore-forming Gram-positive bacilli?
-Listeria monocytogenes -Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Which of the following are characteristic of the genus Bacillus? -Saprobic -Anaerobic -Source of antibiotics -Aerobic -Endospore-forming -Gram-negative
-Saprobic -Source of antibiotics -Aerobic -Endospore-forming
The first white blood cells that respond to Mycobacterium tuberculosis are --- ---?
-alveolar macrophages
Which of the following are the main food-borne sources of listeriosis?
-contaminated poultry -contaminated dairy products -contaminated meat
In infected tissue, Mycobacterium tuberculosis appears as a grouping of massed filaments called --- that are red in color due to --- -fast staining.
-cords -acid
M. tuberculosis is a long, thin, rod that grows in strands called ______ which appear red with ______ stain.
-cords -acid-fast
Which of the following are pathogens belonging to the genus Clostridium? -difficile -perfringens -botulinum -monocytogenes
-difficile -perfringens -botulinum
To prevent noncompliance in TB therapy, it is recommended that all TB patients are treated with --- --- therapy.
-directly -observed
A non-FDA approved treatment that is linked to a high success rate in curing C. difficile infections is --- ---.
-fecal -microbiota
The two major categories of Clostridial disease are food --- from ingesting toxins and wound/tissue ---.
-intoxications -infections
Humans in which occupations are at the greatest risk for Erysipelothrix infections?
Animal workers
_______ is caused by a species of Clostridium and causes flaccid muscle paralysis.
Botulism
Which is the vaccine used to prevent tetanus prior to exposure
DTaP
______ therapy is used to assure that tuberculosis patients take all of their prescribed antibiotics.
Directly observed
Patient noncompliance in tuberculosis therapy leads to which of the following?
Emergence of drug-resistant strains
True or false: Clostridial infections are usually communicable.
False
True or false: Like many pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces exotoxins that contribute to its virulence.
False
Which of the following conditions involves tissue necrosis and gas production?
Gas Gangrene
Members of the genus Clostridium are gram- --- ---.
Gra-Positive Bacilli
Which of the following are events in the pathogenesis of botulinum food poisoning?
Ingested toxin enters small intestine Arrival of toxin at neuromuscular junction Absorption of toxin into lymphatics and circulation
Botulinum acts on the presynaptic neuron and prevents the release of --- which initiates muscle contraction.
acetylcholine
The botulinum toxin prevents the release of ________ at the neuromuscular junction, thus preventing muscle contraction.
acetylcholine
The general type of staining procedure that is used to diagnose the tuberculosis bacterium based upon its cell wall structure is known as the --- -fast stain.
acid
Which cells are the first to mount an attack on the TB bacterium?
alveolar macrophages
Clostridial infections require damaged or dead tissue as well as --- environments.
anaerobic
Which of the following is NOT a species of Clostridium responsible for human disease?
anthracis
A(n) --- is a serum globulin that neutralizes a specific toxin.
antitoxin
A(n) _______ is an immunoglobulin that blocks or neutralizes the action of a specific toxin.
antitoxin