Chapter 19 Microbiology Study Mode

Which species of Clostridium are involved in food poisoning infections?

C. botulinum C. perfringens

Which species are responsible for the majority of clostridial tissue and wound infections?

C. septicum C. perfringens C. novyi

Which of the following is not used to subdivide gram-positive bacilli into three general groups?

Cell Morphology

Although not yet approved by the FDA, some evidence suggests that fecal microbiota transplantation has been effective in treating infections by which organism?

Clostridium difficile

Which of the following causes an inflammation of the colon leading to the sloughing off of membrane-like patches called pseudomembranes?

Clostridium difficile

Which bacterium causes tetanus?

Clostridium tetani

Which of the following characteristics can differentiate between the genera Bacillus and Clostridium? -gram stain reaction -cell morphology -oxygen requirements -presence of catalase

-oxygen requirements -presence of catalase

The majority of clostridial soft tissue and wound infections are caused by three species: C. ---, C. ---, and C. ---.

-perfringens -novyi -septicum

If a patient shows clinical signs of tetanus, they can be given _______ to counteract the immediate and long-term effects of the tetanus toxin.

-post-exposure vaccination -tetanus immune globulin

What is used to subdivide the gram-positive bacilli into three general groups? -shape of the cells -cardinal temperatures -acid-fast staining properties -layers in the cell wall -presence of endospores

-presence of endospores -acid-fast staining properties

Which of the following describe the characteristics of Clostridium? rods -gram-negative -catalase-negative -gram-positive -cocci -catalase-positive

-rods -catalase-negative -gram-positive

Tuberculosis is diagnosed through the _______ test.

-tuberculin -Mantoux

The , --- --- also known as the Mantoux test, is a valuable diagnostic tool used for TB that involves the injection of a M. tuberculosis protein into the dermis and observation for the visual sign of a cell-mediated response.

-tuberculin test or TB test

Most cases of tetanus enter the body through _____.

-umbilical stumps -accidental puncture wounds -burns -crushed body parts -frostbite

Which occupations have the greatest risk for Erysipelothrix infections?

-veterinarians -slaughterhouse workers -butchers

Tuberculosis in normal, untreated cases ______.

-will have alternating periods of illness and health -progresses slowly -can persist for a lifetime

About _______ people in the US carry Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

15 million

Which of the following is a regular non-spore-forming Gram-positive bacillus pathogen?

Listeria monocytogenes

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is also known as _____.

MDR-TB

Which of the following is true for patients who contract primary tuberculosis?

Most patients recover from the infection.

Acid-fast staining is used to diagnose infections by which group of organisms?

Mycobacterium

Which genus does not form endospores?

Mycobacterium

Unlike most pathogens, which bacteria do not produce exotoxins or enzymes that contribute to virulence, instead relying on waxes and a cord factor to evade the immune system?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Which of the following characteristics can be used to differentiate between the genera Bacillus and Clostridium?

Oxygen Preference

The large influx of ______ into the lungs plays a role in the formation of infection sites called tubercles.

Phagocytic Cells

Which of the following is the most effective prevention for clostridial wound infections?

Rigorous wound cleansing

--- is a potent neurotoxin that binds to target sites on spinal neurons that are responsible for inhibiting skeletal muscle contraction.

Tetanospasmin

--- is a neuromuscular disease that results in the uncontrolled contraction of skeletal muscles.

Tetanus

How are clostridial infections acquired?

They are acquired through contamination of injured skin

True or False: Botulism is an intoxication usually associated with eating poorly preserved foods that results in muscle paralysis.

True

True or false: About 30% of the worldwide population carries the TB bacterium.

True

True or false: Postexposure vaccination is often given with passive immunization therapy with possible exposure to tetanus.

True

Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis is also known as ______.

XDR-TB

The genus --- includes mostly saprobic, aerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rods.

bacillus

Therapy with --- -spectrum antibiotics is the main cause of Clostridium difficile.

broad

All of the following are symptoms of gas gangrene except ______.

bullous lesions

Necrotic areas within the centers of tubercles that resemble cheese or curds and that heal by calcification are called--- lesions.

caseous

Which one develops in the center of a tubercle and can be replaced by calcium deposits during healing?

caseous lesion

The major source for infection with L. monocytogenes is ______.

contaminated foods

The surgical removal of diseased tissue is called ---.

debridement

Clostridial diseases are often caused by the release of potent ---?

exotoxins

A condition in which tuberculosis bacteria have spread to organs other than the lungs is referred to as --- TB.

extrapulmonary

Which poses the highest risk for botulism?

home-processed foods

The tuberculin reaction is read by measuring the --- that occurs on the skin.

induration

Food-borne botulism is caused by the ingestion of pre-formed botulinum toxin while --- botulism is caused by ingestion of the C. botulinum spores.

infant

The most common form of botulism in the United States is _______ botulism.

infant

TB in untreated individuals ______.

is capable of lasting a lifetime

The alternate name for tetanus is ---.

lockjaw

The majority of TB cases remain contained in the .

lungs

Propionibacterium acnes is a ______.

member of the normal biota

Identify the sign/symptom seen in the initial infection with the tubercle bacillus.

mild fever

Clostridial exotoxins are among the ______ poisonous substances on earth.

most

Clostridial exotoxins are some of the --- potent poisons on earth.

most

Clostridial diseases are often caused by ______.

release of exotoxins

Tubercle bacillus is found in the: aka tuberculosis

respiratory tract

Increased precautions are necessary to prevent the spread of C. difficile to patients on antimicrobic therapy because infectious persons spread numerous --- in their stool.

spores

Which exotoxin is responsible for interrupting the regulatory mechanisms for muscle contraction, leading to powerful and uncontrolled contraction?

tetanospasmin

The root cause of infection by Clostridium difficile and the resulting necrosis of the colon is _____.

therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics

The circulation of microbial "poisons" in the blood is called ______.

toxemia

The vaccination for tetanus consists of _____.

toxoid

The granulomatous lung lesion seen in TB that can serve as a focus for latent infection is called a ---.

tubercle

In primary tuberculosis, lung lesions called _______ form in the lung and are composed of bacteria in enlarged macrophages, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. Multiple choice question. gummas

tubercles

Which of the following apply to Tuberculosis?

-Approximately one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. -Humans are easily infected. -About five to ten percent of those infected develop TB disease.

Most endospore-forming bacteria are members of which two genera? -Bacillus -Actinomyces -Mycobacterium -Corynebacterium -Clostridium

-Bacillus -Clostridium

The disease agent that produces enterotoxins triggering necrosis in the wall of the large intestine is --- ---.

-Clostridium Difficile

Which are the genera in the irregular non-spore-forming bacilli group with the greatest clinical significance?

-Corynebacterium -Nocardia -Mycobacterium

What factors are required for clostridial infection? -Damaged tissue -Aerobic conditions -Carbon dioxide gas -Immunosuppression -Anaerobic conditions

-Damaged Tissue -Anaerobic Conditions

Which of the following represent the two major categories of clostridial disease? -Spore inhalations -Food intoxications -Wound/tissue infections

-Food intoxications -Wound/tissue infections

--- --- is a necrotic condition associated with the release of gas.

-Gas Gangrene

Which are general symptoms seen in gas gangrene? -Bullous lesions -Gas production by bacteria -Sudden and severe fever -Necrosis of tissue -Comedos developing into cysts

-Gas production by bacteria -Necrosis of tissue

Which of the following are effective means of preventing clostridial wound infections? -Immediate and rigorous cleansing of wounds -Surgical repair of compound fractures -Vaccination of the elderly -Debridement of diseased tissue

-Immediate and rigorous cleansing of wounds -Surgical repair of compound fractures -Debridement of diseased tissue

Which of the following are correct about Propionibacterium acnes?

-It is found on human skin and the upper respiratory tract. -It is a member of normal microflora of humans.

Which of the following are the predominant pathogens among the regular non-spore-forming Gram-positive bacilli?

-Listeria monocytogenes -Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Which of the following are characteristic of the genus Bacillus? -Saprobic -Anaerobic -Source of antibiotics -Aerobic -Endospore-forming -Gram-negative

-Saprobic -Source of antibiotics -Aerobic -Endospore-forming

The first white blood cells that respond to Mycobacterium tuberculosis are --- ---?

-alveolar macrophages

Which of the following are the main food-borne sources of listeriosis?

-contaminated poultry -contaminated dairy products -contaminated meat

In infected tissue, Mycobacterium tuberculosis appears as a grouping of massed filaments called --- that are red in color due to --- -fast staining.

-cords -acid

M. tuberculosis is a long, thin, rod that grows in strands called ______ which appear red with ______ stain.

-cords -acid-fast

Which of the following are pathogens belonging to the genus Clostridium? -difficile -perfringens -botulinum -monocytogenes

-difficile -perfringens -botulinum

To prevent noncompliance in TB therapy, it is recommended that all TB patients are treated with --- --- therapy.

-directly -observed

A non-FDA approved treatment that is linked to a high success rate in curing C. difficile infections is --- ---.

-fecal -microbiota

The two major categories of Clostridial disease are food --- from ingesting toxins and wound/tissue ---.

-intoxications -infections

Humans in which occupations are at the greatest risk for Erysipelothrix infections?

Animal workers

_______ is caused by a species of Clostridium and causes flaccid muscle paralysis.

Botulism

Which is the vaccine used to prevent tetanus prior to exposure

DTaP

______ therapy is used to assure that tuberculosis patients take all of their prescribed antibiotics.

Directly observed

Patient noncompliance in tuberculosis therapy leads to which of the following?

Emergence of drug-resistant strains

True or false: Clostridial infections are usually communicable.

False

True or false: Like many pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces exotoxins that contribute to its virulence.

False

Which of the following conditions involves tissue necrosis and gas production?

Gas Gangrene

Members of the genus Clostridium are gram- --- ---.

Gra-Positive Bacilli

Which of the following are events in the pathogenesis of botulinum food poisoning?

Ingested toxin enters small intestine Arrival of toxin at neuromuscular junction Absorption of toxin into lymphatics and circulation

Botulinum acts on the presynaptic neuron and prevents the release of --- which initiates muscle contraction.

acetylcholine

The botulinum toxin prevents the release of ________ at the neuromuscular junction, thus preventing muscle contraction.

acetylcholine

The general type of staining procedure that is used to diagnose the tuberculosis bacterium based upon its cell wall structure is known as the --- -fast stain.

acid

Which cells are the first to mount an attack on the TB bacterium?

alveolar macrophages

Clostridial infections require damaged or dead tissue as well as --- environments.

anaerobic

Which of the following is NOT a species of Clostridium responsible for human disease?

anthracis

A(n) --- is a serum globulin that neutralizes a specific toxin.

antitoxin

A(n) _______ is an immunoglobulin that blocks or neutralizes the action of a specific toxin.

antitoxin