Chapter 2 An Introduction to ABA Concepts
Negative punishment
Stimulus removed/behavior decreases
teaching
The procedure that promotes learning by any combination of showing, telling, guiding, and differentially reinforcing efforts towards meeting behavioral objectives
Positive punishment
behavior decreases/ stimulus added
stimulus
An object or event that may influence behavior specific event or combination of events that may influence behavior
Behavioral Procedure
working in applied settings such as school homes and businesses
stimulus class
A group of stimuli that have a common effect on behavior
Unconditioned respondent
Behaviors elicited (evoke or draw out) by stimuli that precede those behaviors
Operant behaviors
Operant behavior is voluntary, controlled primarily by its consequences (that result in increase or decrease), and evoked. Respondent behavior is involuntary, controlled primarily by its antecedent stimuli, and elicited
Contingency
Specified relations between behavior and its antecedents (thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another) and consequences
Extinction
Withholding all reinforcement from the behavior's occurrence
Positive reinforcement
behavior increases / stimulus added Example: A parent is teaching her child to play in the backyard by spanking the child every time he steps in the front yard. Over a week's time, the child is stepping into the front yard more than previously. if the behavior is being increased instead, reinforcement is the process that is taking place. Because a stimulus is added (spanking is received), the specific process is positive reinforcement.
Negative reinforcement
behavior increases/ stimulus removed example: Joe scratches a mosquito bite and the itching is relieved. Subsequently, he scratches mosquito bites whenever he gets one. Scratching has been increased. The removal of the aversive stimulus (itching) came from the behavior of scratching, and scratching mosquito bites increased. This is an example of negative reinforcement.
Cochrane Collaboration
here is some evidence that EIBI is effective for some children with ASD More randomized control studies are needed to make stronger conclusions about the effects of EIBI Intellectual functioning. Adaptive behavior Communication Quality of life
environment
person behaves is considered its context (circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement)
Principle of behavior
scientifically derived rule of nature that describes the enduring and predictable relation between a biological organism responses and given arrangement of stimulus ( object and events that can influence behavior)
Respondent learning
the response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli Key focus is on antecedent stimuli as the cause of behavior